Table 4.

Mean levels of inflammation and (standard errors) across sleep duration groups.

	Normal Sleepers^b (7 to 9 hours)	Short Sleepers (≤ 6 hours)	Cohen's d	p-value	Long Sleepers (≥ 10 hours)	Cohen's d	p-value
CRP mg/L^a
Model 1	1.25 (1.03)	1.22 (1.04)	0.025	0.575	1.72 (1.12)	0.283	0.005
Model 2	1.26 (1.03)	1.20 (1.04)	0.039	0.387	1.68 (1.12)	0.260	0.011
Model 3	1.26 (1.03)	1.21 (1.04)	0.033	0.462	1.65 (1.12)	0.240	0.018
Interleukin-6 pg/ml^a
Model 1	0.75 (1.02)	0.75 (1.04)	0.005	0.916	1.08 (1.10)	0.392	< 0.001
Model 2	0.75 (1.02)	0.74 (1.04)	0.009	0.841	1.05 (1.10)	0.356	<0.001
Model 3	0.75 (1.02)	0.75 (1.04)	0.009	0.837	1.04 (1.10)	0.342	0.001
TNF-α pg/ml^a
Model 1	0.83 (1.02)	0.83 (1.02)	0.011	0.809	0.91 (1.06)	0.154	0.126
Model 2	0.83 (1.02)	0.83 (1.02)	0.000	0.981	0.90 (1.06)	0.129	0.200
Model 3	0.83 (1.02)	0.82 (1.02)	0.003	0.961	0.90 (1.06)	0.118	0.186

To normalize distributions CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α values were natural log transformed; for interpretation purposes means are presented as back-transformed.

reference group in sleep duration analyses.

Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, education, and body mass index

Model 2: Additionally adjusted for health indicators (smoking status, alcohol use, presence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, number of medical conditions, statin use, anti-inflammatory medication use)

Model 3: Additionally adjusted for psychotropic medication (benzodiazepines and anti-depressant use) and psychiatric diagnostic status.