Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by opioid prescription status (n = 715).
| No opioid prescription | Opioid prescription group (morphine equivalent dose) |
t test/χ2 P value⁎ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Low | Medium | High | ||
| Baseline characteristic | n = 481(67.3%) | n = 152(21.3%) | n = 57(8.0%) | n = 25(3.5%) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 45.77 (9.87) | 46.27 (9.36) | 44.07 (10.69) | 47.64 (9.39) | .891 |
| Gender, female | 56.1% | 67.1% | 73.7% | 76.0% | <.001⁎ |
| Socioeconomic status Professional/manager |
33.7% | 26.3% | 26.4% | 24.0% | .022⁎ |
| Employment status Employed and working as usual |
63.4% | 40.8% | 26.3% | 24.0% | <.001⁎ |
| Duration of current episode of lower back pain >3 months |
34.3% | 34.9% | 43.9% | 36.0% | .450 |
| Leg pain below the knee | 32.0% | 39.5% | 49.1% | 68.0% | .001⁎ |
| Usual pain intensity Numerical rating scale (0–10), mean (SD) |
4.28 (2.49) | 5.43 (2.66) | 6.21 (2.25) | 7.08 (2.31) | <.001⁎ |
| Disability Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (0–24), mean (SD) |
7.37 (5.18) | 10.74 (5.99) | 13.05 (5.99) | 15.56 (5.21) | <.001⁎ |
| Distress Hospital Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire score ⩾8 for anxiety and depression |
26.2% | 36.8% | 50.9% | 56.0% | <.001⁎ |
| Fear of movement Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (17–68), mean (SD) |
38.70 (6.83) | 40.32 (6.78) | 41.01 (6.72) | 42.97 (7.12) | <.001⁎ |
| Self efficacy Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (0–60), mean (SD) |
41.60 (12.79) | 34.05 (14.96) | 27.97 (15.26) | 26.84 (13.23) | <.001⁎ |
| Coping style | |||||
| CSQ—diversion (0–36), mean (SD) | 14.98 (8.15) | 16.53 (6.50) | 16.31 (6.59) | 18.92 (6.65) | .008⁎ |
| CSQ—catastrophizing (0–36), mean (SD) | 8.64 (6.93) | 11.05 (8.35) | 13.31 (9.23) | 16.5 (8.98) | <.001⁎ |
| CSQ—reinterpretation (0–36), mean (SD) | 7.63 (6.98) | 7.60 (6.49) | 6.94 (6.50) | 7.50 (5.20) | .714 |
| CSQ—cognitive coping (0–30), mean (SD) | 17.56 (6.12) | 15.84 (6.50) | 15.70 (6.59) | 15.48 (5.87) | <.001⁎ |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Prescribed at baseline |
32.0% | 49.3% | 43.9% | 48.0% | <.001⁎ |
| Comorbidity Number of prescribed nonanalgesic medications, mean (SD) |
0.88 (1.64) | 2.05 (3.12) | 2.35 (3.75) | 3.28 (3.54) | <.001⁎ |
CSQ = Coping Strategies Questionnaire.
⁎
Comparison of any opioid prescription at baseline versus no opioid prescription at baseline.