Table 1.

Categories of interventions to improve ART adherence

Category	Definition	Examples
Behavioural	Affecting ART adherence through direct behaviour modification	• Reminder devices (e.g., seven-day pill boxes, alarms, cell phone short message services (SMS) or pager messages) • Cues for remembering dose times • Cash incentives for pill taking • Directly observed therapy (DOT)
Cognitive	Affecting ART adherence through teaching, clarification, or instruction	• Media education materials (e.g., audio, video, or reading materials) • Group education • Individual patient education
Affective	Affecting ART adherence through emotional support	• Peer support • Optimistic future writing • Counselling
Biological	Affecting ART adherence through improved physical ability to take ART	• Food ration provided with ART • Vitamin or micronutrient supplements
Structural	Affecting ART adherence through changes in the ART delivery structure or through additional service structures	• Delivering ART in community centres • Income-generating activities for ART patients • Community mobilization
Combination	Using a combination of one or more of the above intervention categories	• Individual patient information, behavioural adherence strategies, and peer support

ART = antiretroviral treatment