Table III.
Echocardiographic detection of patent foramen ovale or intracardiac shunting in children
| Study, year | Patient age | Number of patients | Shunt with TTE Doppler, n (%) | Shunt with TTE Doppler or contrast, n (%) | Shunt with TEE, n (%) | Shunt with any method, n (%) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hagen et al, 198415 | 1-9 years 10-19 years 1-99 years |
100 100 965 |
– | – | – | 34% 36% 27.3% |
Autopsy data Probe patent PFO Non-SCD |
| Overell et al, 20005 | <55 years | Meta-analysis 1022 |
– | – | – | Stroke 225/566 (39.8%) Control 81/456 (17.8%) |
Meta-analysis of 9 case control studies of young adults Non-SCD |
| Fuchs et al, 199821 | 1-14 years | 30 | 6/30 (20%) | – | – | 6/30 (20%) | Children without stroke screened for PFO before neurosurgery Non-SCD |
| Fischer et al, 199519 | 10-29 years 10-99 years |
53 1000 |
– | – | 5/53 (9.4%) 92/1000 (9.2%) |
5/53 (9.4%) 92/1000 (9.2%) |
TEE performed for clinical indication: stroke/TIA in 391/1000 Proportion with stroke not reported for 10- to 29-year-old subgroup Non-SCD |
| Ganesan et al, 200318 | 21days-19.7 years | 104 | 1 ASD/104 (0.96%) | – | 0/36 | 1/104 (0.96%) | Previously healthy children with stroke Non-SCD |
| Basso et al, 200420 | 10 years | 817 | 20 PFO and 1 VSD, 21/817 (2.6%) | – | – | 21/817 (2.6%) | Healthy children without stroke Non-SCD |
| Caldas et al, 200828 | 3-18 years | 107 | 2/107 (1.9%) | – | – | 2/107 (1.9%) | Children with SCD (11/107 with stroke) |
| Present study, patients with SCD and stroke | 2-19 years | 40 | 6 PFO and 1 VSD, 7/40 (17.5%) | 9 PFO and 1 VSD, 10/40 (25%) | – | 10/40 (25%) | Children with SCD with overt (30) or silent (10) stroke |
| Present study, patients without SCD with stroke | 0.25-19 years | 60 | 7/53 (13.2%) | 7/53 (13.2%) | 0/7 (0%) | 7/60 (11.7%) | Children with stroke Excluding those with known congenital heart disease Non-SCD |
ASD, atrial septal defect; VSD, ventricular septal defect.