Table I.
DNA methylation prevalence of thyroid-related genes in thyroid cancers.
| Genes | Function | DNA methylation prevalence | Author (year) | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor suppressor | ||||
| PTEN | PTEN is involved in the regulation of cell cycle and preventing cells from growing and dividing rapidly | 50% of PTC, 100% of FTC | Alvarez-Nuñez et al (2006) | (27) |
| RASSF1A | RASSF1A localizes to microtubules and promotes their stabilization | 30% of thyroid cancers | Xing et al (2004) | (30) |
| TIMP3 | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase | 53% of PTC | Hu et al (2006) | (33) |
| SLC5A8 | Sodium solute symporter family | 33% of PTC | Hu et al (2006) | (33) |
| DAPK | Ca/calmodulin-dependent ser/thr kinase protein | 34% of PTC | Hu et al (2006) | (33) |
| RAPβ2 | Negative regulator of cell growth | 22% of PTC | Hu et al (2006) | (33) |
| RAP1GAP | RAP1GTPase-activating protein | 72% of PTC, 38% of FTC | Zuo et al (2010) | (56) |
| Oncogenes | ||||
| INSL4 | Belongs to the insulin and IGF family | 60% of MTC | Rodríguez-Rodero et al (2013) | (41) |
| DPPA2 | Developmental pluripotency-associated 2 | 30% of MTC | Rodríguez-Rodero et al (2013) | (41) |
| TCL1B | An oncogene frequently activated by reciprocal translocations | 64% of ATC | Rodríguez-Rodero et al (2013) | (41) |
| NOTCH4 | A member of notch family, which plays a role in a variety of developmental processes | 45% of ATC | Rodríguez-Rodero et al (2013) | (41) |
| Maspin | A member of serine protease inhibitor superfamily | 100% of WDTC, 38% of UDTC | Ogasawara et al (2004) | (42) |
| Thyroid specific | ||||
| NIS | Sodium/iodide symporter | 53.8% of thyroid cancers | Stephen et al (2011) | (57) |
| Tg | Thyroglobulin molecule | NA | NA | |
| TPO | Thyroid peroxidase | NA | NA | |
| TSHR | Thyroid stimulating receptor | 59% of PTC | Xing et al (2003), | (43) |
| 47% of FTC | Eze et al (2011) | (45) | ||
PTC, papillary thyroid cancer; FTC, follicular thyroid cancer; MTC, medullary thyroid cancer; ATC, anaplastic thyroid cancer; WDTC, well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma; UDTC, undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma; NA, not available.