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In each region, the mean of instantaneous tip-level speciation rate estimates was averaged across all species present in that region. Error bars indicate ±1 SD. (A) Pure niche conservatism, (B) energy gradient, (C) speciation gradient, and (D) disturbance gradient. In the pure niche conservatism scenario, the simulation was stopped after 10,000 species had accumulated, at which point species had not yet spread to the temperate-most regions of the gradient.
