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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 2.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Rep. 2014 May 1;7(4):1077–1092. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.036

Figure 7. Behavioral Deficits of Adult 16p11+/− Animals.

Figure 7

(A) Adult 16p11+/− mice (2–3 months) display a significantly reduced startle response at increasing decibels (NIMH: wild-type n = 17, 16p11+/− n = 15) and repeated 20-stimulus presentations (inset, SBFNL).

(B and C) Movement control: 16p11+/− mice show lack of gait fluidity (B) and frequent tremor (C).

(D) Hyperactivity of 16p11+/− mice in a home-cage environment.

(E) In a novel empty-cage environment, 16p11+/− mice exhibited significantly more hanging, less self-grooming, and less resting than wild-type littermates. A fraction of 16p11+/− mice showed continuous circling.

(F) Follow-up quantification of circling behavior in a rotational assay in a cylindrical cage (inset, total number of rotations over the 30 min period).

(G) Adult 16p11+/− mice exhibited initial hypoactivity and abnormal dishabituation to novel environment in the open field. Inset, similar behaviors of the 16p11+/− mice in the open-field test independently reproduced at NIMH.

(H and I) Adult 16p11+/− mice display altered performance in a novel object recognition test (H) and a six-trial novel object recognition assay (I) compared to wild-type littermates. 16p11+/− mice did not show a significant preference for the novel object, compared to wild-type mice (H). This effect was due to a lack of habituation to the familiar object in the 16p11+/− mice. This was further corroborated in a six-trial novel object recognition test, where the 16p11+/− mice spent longer time in trials 2–4 and 6 sniffing the first object that had been presented as a novel object in trial 1 and also longer time sniffing the second novel object in trial 5 than the control mice (I). (J) Adult 16p11+/− mice showed hyperactivity in the activity chamber during a 10 min period.

(K) Acute administration of risperidone had no significant effect on the activity level of 16p11+/− mice in the activity chamber, whereas wild-type littermates exhibited a dramatic decrease in activity level after risperidone administration.

For all panels, mean ± SEM is presented for each data point; *p < 0.05, – **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. (A), (E), (G) inset, and (H): NIMH; (A) inset, (B) (D), (F), (G), and (I–K): SBFNL.