Table 1: Participant characteristics (n = 22 824).
| Characteristic | No. (%) or mean ± SD |
p value* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No disability n = 15 224 |
Yes disability n = 7 600 |
Moderate disability n = 4 242 |
Severe disability n = 3 358 |
||||||
|
Age, yr |
42.9 ± 13.5 |
48.8 ± 13.5 |
47.6 ± 13.7 |
50.4 ± 13.1 |
< 0.001 |
||||
| ≤ 29 |
2 945 |
(19.3) |
892 |
(11.7) |
567 |
(13.4) |
325 |
(9.7) |
|
| 30–39 |
4 106 |
(27.0) |
1 166 |
(15.3) |
734 |
(17.3) |
432 |
(12.9) |
|
| 40–49 |
3 029 |
(19.9) |
1 492 |
(19.6) |
874 |
(20.6) |
618 |
(18.4) |
|
| 50–59 |
2 748 |
(18.1) |
2 000 |
(26.3) |
1 031 |
(24.3) |
969 |
(28.9) |
|
| 60–69 |
2 396 |
(15.7) |
2 050 |
(27.0) |
1 036 |
(24.4) |
1 014 |
(30.2) |
|
| Missing |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
|
Country of birth |
< 0.001 |
||||||||
| Canada |
11 899 |
(78.2) |
6 222 |
(81.9) |
3 408 |
(80.3) |
2 814 |
(83.8) |
|
| Other |
2 967 |
(19.5) |
1 253 |
(16.5) |
756 |
(17.8) |
497 |
(14.8) |
|
| Missing |
358 |
(2.4) |
125 |
(1.6) |
78 |
(1.8) |
47 |
(1.4) |
|
|
Education |
< 0.001 |
||||||||
| Less than secondary |
1 369 |
(9.0) |
1 201 |
(15.8) |
549 |
(12.9) |
652 |
(19.4) |
|
| Secondary/some postsecondary |
3 788 |
(24.9) |
1 935 |
(25.5) |
1 063 |
(25.1) |
872 |
(26.0) |
|
| Postsecondary |
10 028 |
(65.9) |
4 438 |
(58.4) |
2 620 |
(61.8) |
1 818 |
(54.1) |
|
| Missing |
39 |
(0.3) |
26 |
(0.3) |
10 |
(0.2) |
16 |
(0.5) |
|
|
Household income, $ |
< 0.001 |
||||||||
| < 30 000 |
2 170 |
(14.3) |
1 993 |
(26.2) |
879 |
(20.7) |
1 114 |
(33.2) |
|
| 30 000–59 999 |
4 056 |
(26.6) |
2 129 |
(28.0) |
1 171 |
(27.6) |
958 |
(28.5) |
|
| 60 000–99 999 |
4 288 |
(28.2) |
1 731 |
(22.8) |
1 104 |
(26.0) |
627 |
(18.7) |
|
| ≥ 100 000 |
3 569 |
(23.4) |
1 149 |
(15.1) |
761 |
(17.9) |
388 |
(11.6) |
|
| Missing |
1 141 |
(7.5) |
598 |
(7.9) |
327 |
(7.7) |
271 |
(8.1) |
|
|
Marital status |
< 0.001 |
||||||||
| Married/common Law |
9 756 |
(64.1) |
4 339 |
(57.1) |
2 544 |
(60.0) |
1 795 |
(53.5) |
|
| Widowed/single |
3 821 |
(25.1) |
2 036 |
(26.8) |
1 110 |
(26.2) |
926 |
(27.6) |
|
| Separated/divorced |
1 643 |
(10.8) |
1 222 |
(16.1) |
587 |
(13.8) |
635 |
(18.9) |
|
| Missing |
4 |
(< 0.1) |
3 |
(< 0.1) |
1 |
(< 0.1) |
2 |
(< 0.1) |
|
|
Chronic conditions |
< 0.001 |
||||||||
| 0 |
10 774 |
(70.8) |
2 502 |
(32.9) |
1 682 |
(39.7) |
820 |
(24.4) |
|
| 1 |
3 178 |
(20.9) |
2 350 |
(30.9) |
1 368 |
(32.2) |
982 |
(29.2) |
|
| ≥ 2 |
1 272 |
(8.4) |
2 748 |
(36.2) |
1 192 |
(28.1) |
1 556 |
(46.3) |
|
| Missing |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
|
Rurality index |
< 0.001 |
||||||||
| 0–9 (large urban) |
8 377 |
(55.0) |
3 878 |
(51.0) |
2 200 |
(51.9) |
1 678 |
(50.0) |
|
| 10–44 (small urban) |
5 001 |
(32.8) |
2 771 |
(36.5) |
1 513 |
(35.7) |
1 258 |
(37.5) |
|
| ≥ 45 (rural) |
1 674 |
(11.0) |
862 |
(11.3) |
467 |
(11.0) |
395 |
(11.8) |
|
| Missing |
172 |
(1.1) |
89 |
(1.2) |
62 |
(1.5) |
27 |
(0.8) |
|
|
Health system contact during study period |
|||||||||
| Physician visits |
15.5 |
± 16.1 |
23.2 |
± 21.4 |
20.7 |
± 19.5 |
26.4 |
± 23.2 |
< 0.001 |
| Family physician visits |
10.7 |
± 11.7 |
15.1 |
± 15.2 |
13.8 |
± 14.3 |
16.7 |
± 16.2 |
< 0.001 |
| Specialist visits |
4.8 |
± 8.5 |
8.1 |
± 11.7 |
6.9 |
± 10.0 |
9.6 |
± 13.5 |
< 0.001 |
| Emergency department visits |
1.6 |
± 3.1 |
2.5 |
± 4.9 |
2.2 |
± 4.1 |
2.9 |
± 5.7 |
< 0.001 |
| Hospital admissions | 0.4 | ± 0.7 | 0.6 | ± 1.0 | 0.5 | ± 0.9 | 0.7 | ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
Note: SD = standard deviation. *p values represent comparison between “no disability” and “yes disability.”