TABLE 3 ] .
Relative Risks (eβ) Estimating the Effect of NP/PA Participation on In-Hospital Mortality for All Patients and Subgroup Analyses
| Group | Unadjusted | Adjusted for Patient and ICU Characteristicsa |
| All patients (n = 39,541) | 1.03 (0.81-1.31) | 1.10 (0.92-1.31) |
| Patients receiving mechanical ventilation (n = 15,857) | 1.15 (0.92-1.42) | 1.07 (0.94-1.23) |
| Highest quartile of APS (n = 9,737) | 1.14 (0.93-1.39) | 1.06 (0.95-1.89) |
| Low-intensity physician staffing (n = 22,218) | 1.27 (0.94-1.72) | 1.10 (0.82-1.47) |
| ICUs with trainees (n = 23,850) | 0.91 (0.69-1.22) | 1.12 (0.86-1.44) |
Data are presented as relative risk ratio (95% CI). Models account for clustering of patients within ICUs. See Table 1 and 2 legends for expansion of abbreviations.
a
Adjusted models control for ICU characteristics (ICU physician staffing intensity, annualized ICU volume, and trainee participation) and patient characteristics (age, APS on ICU admission day 1, primary diagnosis, comorbidities, race, sex, indicator for emergency surgery, transfer status, and length of stay before ICU admission).