TABLE 4 ] .
Characteristics of Patients and Family Responders by Insurance Type (n = 307)a
| Characteristic | Insured (n = 240) | Underinsured (n = 67) | P Valueb |
| Patient characteristic | |||
| Age at time of death, y | 69.7 (SD, 14.7) | 49.0 (SD, 15.4) | < .01 |
| Female | 108 (45.0) | 21 (31.3) | .05 |
| Race/ethnicity | < .01 | ||
| White | 216 (90.0) | 52 (77.6) | |
| Black | 6 (2.5) | 7 (10.4) | |
| Asian | 10 (4.2) | 5 (7.5) | |
| Hispanic | 3 (1.3) | 2 (3.0) | |
| Other | 5 (2.1) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Level of educationc | .55 | ||
| < Eighth grade | 19 (8.0) | 3 (4.7) | |
| Some high school | 17 (7.2) | 7 (10.9) | |
| High school/GED | 90 (38.0) | 25 (39.1) | |
| Some college | 60 (25.3) | 17 (26.6) | |
| 4 y college | 36 (15.2) | 11 (17.2) | |
| Graduate level | 15 (6.3) | 1 (1.6) | |
| Median income zip code, 1,000 US$ | 47.7 (SD, 11.8) | 45.3 (SD, 11.1) | .11 |
| Per capita income zip code, 1,000 US$ | 24.3 (SD, 7.2) | 23.9 (SD, 7.2) | .66 |
| Hospital | < .01 | ||
| #1 | 179 (74.6) | 64 (95.5) | |
| #2 | 61 (25.4) | 3 (4.5) | |
| ICU length of stay, median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0, 9.5) | 4.0 (1.0, 7.0) | .47 |
| Hospital length of stay, median (IQR) | 5.0 (2.0, 11.0) | 5.0 (2.0, 13.0) | .42 |
| Diagnosisd | .06 | ||
| Heart disease | 24 (10.0) | 2 (3.0) | |
| HIV/infection | 24 (10.0) | 6 (9.0) | |
| Respiratory | 19 (7.9) | 6 (9.0) | |
| GI/liver | 17 (7.1) | 6 (9.0) | |
| Stroke/neurologic | 63 (26.3) | 13 (19.4) | |
| Trauma | 29 (12.1) | 4 (6.0) | |
| Cancer | 3 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unknown/other | 61 (25.4) | 30 (44.8) | |
| Cause of deathe | .01 | ||
| Trauma | 56 (23.3) | 28 (41.8) | |
| Cancer | 16 (6.7) | 3 (4.5) | |
| Other | 168 (70.0) | 36 (53.7) | |
| Intubated in last week of life | 196 (81.7) | 60 (89.6) | .13 |
| In ICU at time of death | 179 (74.6) | 64 (95.5) | .01 |
| Died in setting of full support | 39 (16.3) | 19 (28.4) | .03 |
| Documentation of a living will prior to admitf | 87 (53.4) | 10 (24.4) | < .01 |
| After hospital intervention | 122 (50.8) | 43 (64.2) | .05 |
| Total hospital cost, 1,000 2013 US$g | 48.2 (SD, 54.9) | 59.4 (SD, 70.5) | .18 |
| Median (IQR) | 26.5 (11.9, 65.6) | 36.7 (13.9, 75.9) | |
| Total ICU cost, 1,000 2013 US$g | 36.3 (SD, 44.8) | 46.9 (SD, 58.9) | < .01 |
| Median (IQR) | 20.2 (6.8, 49.7) | 28.8 (12.9, 52.4) | |
| Cost per ICU day, 1,000 2013 US$g | 6.5 (SD, 7.4) | 7.8 (SD, 4.1) | < .01 |
| Median (IQR) | 5.3 (3.1, 6.9) | 6.8 (5.1, 9.9) | |
| Family member characteristic | |||
| Age at time of survey, y | 57.8 (SD, 13.9) | 53.9 (SD, 13.8) | .04 |
| Female | 155 (64.6) | 44 (65.7) | .87 |
| Level of education | .22 | ||
| < Eighth grade | 2 (0.8) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Some high school | 7 (2.9) | 5 (7.5) | |
| High school/GED | 44 (18.3) | 10 (14.9) | |
| Some college | 107 (44.6) | 31 (46.3) | |
| 4 y college | 47 (19.6) | 7 (10.4) | |
| Graduate level | 33 (13.8) | 13 (19.4) | |
| Patient’s spouse | 108 (45.0) | 16 (23.9) | < .01 |
| Present at time of death | 199 (82.9) | 51 (76.1) | .21 |
| FS-ICU (n = 305) | 81.6 (SD, 15.4) | 80.1 (SD, 19.8) | .13 |
| QODD-1 (n = 296) | 7.4 (SD, 2.8) | 6.7 (SD, 3.3) | .58 |
Data presented as mean (SD) or No. (%), unless otherwise indicated. See Table 1 and 2 legends for expansion of abbreviations.
a
Data representative of the 307 patients who had a family member fill out a survey.
b
t Test with unequal variances or χ2 test.
c
For private/Medicare, n = 237; for underinsured, n = 64.
d
Determined by first International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code listed; this reflects most reimbursable, not necessarily primary diagnosis.
e
As reported on death certificate.
f
Proportion among patients with medical record documentation of presence/absence of living will.
g
Adjusted for inflation and reported in 2013 US dollars.