Table 1. TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway protein expression in relation to clinical pathological characteristics in Kazakh ESCC.
Clinicopathological features | N | TGF-β1 | P | TGFβRII | P | p-Smad2/3 | P | ||||||
− | + | ++/+++ | − | + | ++/+++ | − | + | ++/+++ | |||||
Normal | 58 | 30 | 22 | 6 | <0.001 | 9 | 38 | 11 | 0.056 | 24 | 20 | 14 | <0.001 |
ESCC | 100 | 8 | 28 | 64 | 29 | 28 | 43 | 15 | 27 | 58 | |||
Sex | |||||||||||||
Male | 64 | 4 | 18 | 42 | 0.454 | 19 | 19 | 26 | 0.840 | 12 | 16 | 36 | 0.161 |
Female | 36 | 4 | 10 | 22 | 10 | 9 | 17 | 3 | 11 | 22 | |||
Age (y) | |||||||||||||
<60 | 51 | 5 | 13 | 33 | 0.746 | 12 | 15 | 24 | 0.219 | 9 | 17 | 25 | 0.449 |
≥60 | 49 | 3 | 15 | 31 | 17 | 13 | 19 | 6 | 10 | 33 | |||
Tumor invasion | |||||||||||||
Superficial layer | 57 | 5 | 15 | 37 | 0.999 | 15 | 14 | 28 | 0.496 | 7 | 16 | 34 | 0.381 |
Deep layer | 43 | 3 | 13 | 27 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 8 | 11 | 24 | |||
LN metastases | |||||||||||||
Yes | 54 | 4 | 13 | 37 | 0.999 | 16 | 14 | 24 | 0.880 | 9 | 13 | 35 | 0.799 |
No | 46 | 4 | 15 | 27 | 13 | 14 | 19 | 6 | 14 | 23 | |||
Tumor differentiation | |||||||||||||
Well | 26 | 3 | 11 | 12 | 0.033 | 5 | 5 | 16 | 0.202 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 0.034 |
Moderate-poor | 74 | 5 | 17 | 52 | 24 | 23 | 27 | 10 | 16 | 48 | |||
Stage | |||||||||||||
I+II | 75 | 8 | 19 | 48 | 0.195 | 24 | 21 | 30 | 0.252 | 12 | 22 | 41 | 0.755 |
III | 25 | 0 | 9 | 16 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 17 |