(a) Liposome tubulation by F-BAR proteins, Synapdin, and Dynamin (Reprinted from Dev. Cell, 9
(6), Itoh et. al., Dynamin and the Actin Cytoskeleton Cooperatively Regulate Plasma Membrane Invagination by BAR and F-BAR Proteins, 791–804, Copyright (2005), with permission from Elsevier), (b) A cartoon of the helical organization of Dynamin proteins on a tube they constrict. (c) Snapshot from a 27 ns molecular dynamics simulation of an N-BAR domain interacting with a DOPC/DOPS membrane (Image from P. Blood and G. Voth, Direct observation of Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs(BAR) domain-induced membrane curvature by means of molecular dynamics simulations, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
103, 15068–15072 [212] - Copyright (2006) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A)
(d) All atom simulations of Amphiphysin N-BAR domains—in its dimeric form and arranged in a staggered conformation—shows the generation of spontaneous directional curvature (Reprinted from Structure, 17
(6), Ying Yin, Anton Arkhipov, Klaus Schulten, Simulations of Membrane Tubulation by Lattices of Amphiphysin N-BAR Domains, 882–892, Copyright (2009), with permission from Elsevier).