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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 2.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Ophthalmol. 2010 Oct;128(10):1328–1334. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.215

Table 4.

Univariate Analysis of Predictors of Spectacle Adherence and Perceived Spectacle Value in 415 Students

Characteristic 1-mo Visit
P Valuea P Valuea,b Spectacle Value
P Valuea P Valuea,b
Spectacles Not Worn (n=211) Spectacles on Hand (n=204) Moderate Value or Less (n=188) Highly to Most Valued Item (n=227)
Demographic
 Age, mean (SD), y 14.2 (0.8) 14.0 (1.0) .09 .06 14.2 (0.9) 14.0 (0.9) .01 .01
 Female sex 99 (46.9) 119 (58.3) .02 .01 100 (53.2) 118 (52.0) .84 .86
Monthly household income, ¥c <.001d <.001 .19 .17
 <1000 44 (21.0) 71 (34.8) 46 (24.5) 69 (30.5)
 1001-2000 90 (42.9) 94 (46.1) 86 (45.7) 98 (43.4)
 ≥2001 76 (36.2) 39 (19.1) 56 (29.8) 59 (26.1)
Custom spectacles 103 (48.8) 108 (52.9) .43 .21 95 (50.5) 116 (51.1) .92 .79
Vision and optical
 Previous spectacle wearer 88 (41.7) 72 (35.3) .19 .29 70 (37.2) 90 (39.7) .69 .41
 Habitual vision worse than 20/63 100 (47.4) 108 (52.9) .28 .30 84 (44.7) 124 (54.6) .048 .04
 Spectacle VA 20/20 or better (≤0.0 logMAR) 59 (28.0) 30 (14.7) <.001 <.001 28 (14.9) 61 (26.9) .005 .005
 Better vision in dominant eyee 118 (55.9) 108 (52.9) .56 .56 104 (55.3) 122 (53.7) .77 .77
 Pupil size, mm <.001 <.001 .83 .73
  2 or 3 101 (47.9) 51 (25.0) 65 (42.8) 87 (38.3)
  4 or 5 103 (48.8) 141 (69.1) 117 (62.2) 127 (55.9)
  ≥6 7 (3.3) 12 (5.9) 6 (3.2) 13 (5.7)
 Near exophoriaf 41 (19.4) 51 (25.0) .19 .23 50 (26.6) 42 (18.5) .06 .03
 Near esophoriaf 18 (8.5) 19 (9.3) .86 .58 15 (8.0) 22 (9.7) .61 .43
 ≥0.5 Δ base-in prism at near 112 (53.1) 125 (61.3) .11 .10 95 (50.5) 142 (62.6) .02 .02
Perceptualg
 I could accept less than perfect vision so long as I don’t have to wear spectacles 50 (23.7) 40 (19.6) .34 .46 59 (31.4) 31 (13.7) <.001 <.001
 I believe that if I wear spectacles my vision will get worse 75 (35.5) 63 (30.9) .35 .14 73 (38.8) 65 (28.6) .03 .02
Satisfactionh
 Trouble with comfort 51 (24.2) 33 (16.2) .05 .045 54 (28.7) 30 (13.2) <.001 <.001
 Trouble with appearance 70 (33.2) 46 (22.5) .02 .009 67 (35.6) 49 (21.6) .002 .004

Abbreviations: Δ, prism diopters; VA, visual acuity.

a

Boldface values are statistically significant.

b

Adjusted for age, sex, and group assignment.

c

Data were available for 187 students who placed moderate value or less on their spectacles and for 226 students who considered the spectacles a highly or most valued item.

d

Mantel-Haenszel χ2.

e

Vision better than or equivalent to vision in the nondominant eye.

f

Heterophoria was defined as any movement when the eye was uncovered during the cover test assessment.

g

Scored on a Likert scale. Possible responses were neither agree nor disagree, agree, and strongly agree.

h

Scored on a Likert scale. Possible responses were moderate trouble, severe trouble, and so much trouble I had to remove spectacles.