Table 4.
Univariate Analysis of Predictors of Spectacle Adherence and Perceived Spectacle Value in 415 Students
| Characteristic | 1-mo Visit
|
P Valuea | P Valuea,b | Spectacle Value
|
P Valuea | P Valuea,b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spectacles Not Worn (n=211) | Spectacles on Hand (n=204) | Moderate Value or Less (n=188) | Highly to Most Valued Item (n=227) | |||||
| Demographic | ||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 14.2 (0.8) | 14.0 (1.0) | .09 | .06 | 14.2 (0.9) | 14.0 (0.9) | .01 | .01 |
| Female sex | 99 (46.9) | 119 (58.3) | .02 | .01 | 100 (53.2) | 118 (52.0) | .84 | .86 |
| Monthly household income, ¥c | <.001d | <.001 | .19 | .17 | ||||
| <1000 | 44 (21.0) | 71 (34.8) | 46 (24.5) | 69 (30.5) | ||||
| 1001-2000 | 90 (42.9) | 94 (46.1) | 86 (45.7) | 98 (43.4) | ||||
| ≥2001 | 76 (36.2) | 39 (19.1) | 56 (29.8) | 59 (26.1) | ||||
| Custom spectacles | 103 (48.8) | 108 (52.9) | .43 | .21 | 95 (50.5) | 116 (51.1) | .92 | .79 |
| Vision and optical | ||||||||
| Previous spectacle wearer | 88 (41.7) | 72 (35.3) | .19 | .29 | 70 (37.2) | 90 (39.7) | .69 | .41 |
| Habitual vision worse than 20/63 | 100 (47.4) | 108 (52.9) | .28 | .30 | 84 (44.7) | 124 (54.6) | .048 | .04 |
| Spectacle VA 20/20 or better (≤0.0 logMAR) | 59 (28.0) | 30 (14.7) | <.001 | <.001 | 28 (14.9) | 61 (26.9) | .005 | .005 |
| Better vision in dominant eyee | 118 (55.9) | 108 (52.9) | .56 | .56 | 104 (55.3) | 122 (53.7) | .77 | .77 |
| Pupil size, mm | <.001 | <.001 | .83 | .73 | ||||
| 2 or 3 | 101 (47.9) | 51 (25.0) | 65 (42.8) | 87 (38.3) | ||||
| 4 or 5 | 103 (48.8) | 141 (69.1) | 117 (62.2) | 127 (55.9) | ||||
| ≥6 | 7 (3.3) | 12 (5.9) | 6 (3.2) | 13 (5.7) | ||||
| Near exophoriaf | 41 (19.4) | 51 (25.0) | .19 | .23 | 50 (26.6) | 42 (18.5) | .06 | .03 |
| Near esophoriaf | 18 (8.5) | 19 (9.3) | .86 | .58 | 15 (8.0) | 22 (9.7) | .61 | .43 |
| ≥0.5 Δ base-in prism at near | 112 (53.1) | 125 (61.3) | .11 | .10 | 95 (50.5) | 142 (62.6) | .02 | .02 |
| Perceptualg | ||||||||
| I could accept less than perfect vision so long as I don’t have to wear spectacles | 50 (23.7) | 40 (19.6) | .34 | .46 | 59 (31.4) | 31 (13.7) | <.001 | <.001 |
| I believe that if I wear spectacles my vision will get worse | 75 (35.5) | 63 (30.9) | .35 | .14 | 73 (38.8) | 65 (28.6) | .03 | .02 |
| Satisfactionh | ||||||||
| Trouble with comfort | 51 (24.2) | 33 (16.2) | .05 | .045 | 54 (28.7) | 30 (13.2) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Trouble with appearance | 70 (33.2) | 46 (22.5) | .02 | .009 | 67 (35.6) | 49 (21.6) | .002 | .004 |
Abbreviations: Δ, prism diopters; VA, visual acuity.
Boldface values are statistically significant.
Adjusted for age, sex, and group assignment.
Data were available for 187 students who placed moderate value or less on their spectacles and for 226 students who considered the spectacles a highly or most valued item.
Mantel-Haenszel χ2.
Vision better than or equivalent to vision in the nondominant eye.
Heterophoria was defined as any movement when the eye was uncovered during the cover test assessment.
Scored on a Likert scale. Possible responses were neither agree nor disagree, agree, and strongly agree.
Scored on a Likert scale. Possible responses were moderate trouble, severe trouble, and so much trouble I had to remove spectacles.