Table 6.
Assessment of Risk Factors for Incident Cataract in Eyes without an Opportunistic Ocular Infection (participants in the Longitudinal Study of Ocular Complications of AIDS)
| Characteristics* | Rate per 100 Eye-years |
Count of Cataracts per Eye-years at Risk |
Ratio (95% Confi- | Unadjusted P-value |
Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 0.49 | (12 / 2438.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Male | 0.43 | (44 / 10288) | 0.86 (0.45, 1.65) | 0.6538 | 0.98 (0.5, 1.92) | 0.9535 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Not black | 0.44 | (37 / 8366) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Black | 0.44 | (19 / 4360.3) | 1.43 (0.78, 2.61) | 0.2468 | 1.20 (0.71, 2.05) | 0.4898 |
| 4.15 | (1 / 24.1) | |||||
| Education (at enrollment) | ||||||
| High school or less | 0.45 | (21 / 4646.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Some college | 0.25 | (10 / 3926.3) | 0.54 (0.25, 1.14) | 0.1025 | 0.72 (0.34, 1.52) | 0.3891 |
| College graduate | 0.58 | (24 / 4129.1) | 0.82 (0.43, 1.53) | 0.5269 | 1.03 (0.57, 1.84) | 0.9300 |
| Associated morbidities | ||||||
| Karnofsky score (at enrollment) | ||||||
| 90–100 | 0.36 | (26 / 7285.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| <80 | 0.55 | (30 / 5440.4) | 1.73 (1.01, 2.96) | 0.0457 | 1.43 (0.85, 2.39) | 0.1740 |
| 0 | (0 / 3.8) | |||||
| Anemia (time-varying) | ||||||
| No | 0.43 | (37 / 8645.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.47 | (19 / 4077.3) | 1.37 (0.77, 2.42) | 0.2819 | 1.35 (0.82, 2.21) | 0.2378 |
| Diabetes (at enrollment) | ||||||
| No | 0.44 | (51 / 11664.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.47 | (5 / 1062.2) | 0.89 (0.35, 2.21) | 0.7940 | 0.91 (0.35, 2.35) | 0.8484 |
| Hypertension (at enrollment) | ||||||
| No | 0.37 | (39 / 10408.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.73 | (17 / 2317.7) | 1.36 (0.77, 2.39) | 0.2815 | 1.41 (0.77, 2.57) | 0.2604 |
| 0 | (0 / 10.3) | |||||
| Hyperlipidemia (at enrollment) | ||||||
| No | 0.41 | (40 / 9757.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.54 | (16 / 2958.1) | 1.12 (0.61, 2.04) | 0.7202 | 1.16 (0.6, 2.22) | 0.6494 |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) History | ||||||
| CD4+ T cells (time-varying) | ||||||
| ≥50 cells/uL | 0.43 | (50 / 11633) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| < 50 cells/uL | 0.55 | (6 / 1091.3) | 2.16 (0.88, 5.25) | 0.0896 | 1.64 (0.77, 3.45) | 0.1925 |
| 0 | (0 / 135.7) | |||||
| Nadir CD4+ T cells (at enrollment) | ||||||
| ≥50 cells/uL | 0.64 | (39 / 6132.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| < 50 cells/uL | 0.26 | (17 / 6458.2) | 0.62 (0.33, 1.16) | 0.1312 | 0.55 (0.31, 0.95) | 0.0307 |
| 0 | (0 / 111.6) | |||||
| HIV viral load (time-varying) [Log10(copies/mL)] | ||||||
| < 2.6 (undetectable) | 0.45 | (35 / 7764.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2.6 or higher | 0.43 | (21 / 4849.8) | 1.58 (0.9, 2.76) | 0.1050 | 1.51 (0.86, 2.64) | 0.1485 |
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy (time-varying) | ||||||
| No | 0.81 | (8 / 982.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.41 | (48 / 11743.6) | 0.5 (0.22, 1.1) | 0.0819 | 0.54 (0.26, 1.11) | 0.0930 |
| Co-infections | ||||||
| Hepatitis B (at enrollment) | ||||||
| No | 0.42 | (51 / 12206.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.97 | (5 / 516.3) | 2.7 (1.04, 7.01) | 0.0406 | 2.36 (0.93, 5.98) | 0.0705 |
| 0 | (0 / 3.1) | |||||
| Hepatitis C (at enrollment) | ||||||
| No | 0.45 | (55 / 12171.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.18 | (1 / 552.1) | 0.45 (0.06, 3.28) | 0.4306 | 0.56 (0.08, 3.95) | 0.5640 |
| Ocular characteristics | ||||||
| History of cataract in contralateral eye | ||||||
| No | 0.27 | (34 / 12570.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 14.1 | (22 / 156) | 21.16 (10.05, 44.53) | < 0.0001 | 21.58 (10.39, 44.81) | < 0.0001 |
| Anterior inflammation (time-varying)† | ||||||
| No | 0.4 | (50 / 12570.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 3.85 | (6 / 156) | 6 (1.67, 21.52) | 0.0060 | 4.40 (1.64, 11.78) | 0.0032 |
| Vitreous inflammation (time-varying)‡ | ||||||
| No | 0.41 | (52 / 12661.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 6.2 | (4 / 64.5) | 11.31 (3.6, 35.52) | < 0.0001 | 7.12 (2.02, 25.02) | 0.0022 |
| History of retinal detachment§ | ||||||
| No | 0.39 | (48 / 12387.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2.36 | (8 / 338.9) | 5.30 (2.51, 11.16) | < 0.0001 | 4.94 (2.21, 11.02) | < 0.0001 |
†
Anterior chamber cells or flare, diagnosis with anterior uveitis or keratitis, presence of posterior synechiae, or a combination thereof.
‡
Vitreous haze, anterior vitreous cells, intermediate uveitis, endophthalmitis.
§
Retinal detachment includes individuals with a documented history of retinal detachment and/or the presence of silicone oil.