Table 2.

As demonstrated by frequency analyses, cue use tended to be in the direction of VHs that were female, African-American, older adults, and/or had a high pain facial expression. Z-score tests of proportions showed that significantly more individuals used female, old, and high pain, compared to male, young, and low pain cues, respectively.

Sex N=24			Race N=27			Age N=50			Pain Expression N=104
Male	Female	Z-score	Caucasian	African American	Z-score	Old	Young	Z-score	Low Pain	High Pain	Z-score
7	17	2.87***	12	15	0.82	46	4	8.4***	14	90	10.54***

Significance level for Z-score tests of proportions:

^*p<.05,

^**p<.01,

^***p<.001

Note: There were 3 participants who did not use any cues during this study (total N=107). Participants’ cue use was determined to be significant at the p<.10.