Table 1.

Bivariate associations of risk factors and prevalence of lifetime smoking initiation (SI) in the general population. NESARC wave 2 (n= 34,653).

	No smoking initiation (n=18,356)			Smoking initiation (n=16,297)			Model 1^a
	%/mean	CI		%/mean	CI		OR (CI 95%)
Age
18–29	18.39	17.51	19.30	14.18	13.43	14.97	0.62 (0.57–0.68)
30–39	21.29	20.40	22.20	16.00	15.31	16.71	0.61 (0.56–0.66)
40–49	21.42	20.66	22.19	21.60	20.74	22.47	0.81 (0.76–0.87)
>=50	38.91	37.72	40.11	48.22	47.18	49.27	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	64.66	60.58	68.53	77.48	75.37	79.47	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Black, non-Hispanic	12.76	11.23	14.47	9.25	8.14	10.49	0.60 (0.55–0.67)
Native American	1.68	1.34	2.11	2.72	2.29	3.23	1.35 (1.07–1.70)
Asian/Pacific Islander	6.09	4.86	7.61	2.36	1.74	3.21	0.32 (0.27–0.39)
Hispanic	14.81	11.88	18.31	8.18	6.82	9.80	0.46 (0.41–0.52)
Sex
Male	39.08	38.12	40.05	57.20	56.18	58.22	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Female	60.92	59.95	61.88	42.80	41.78	43.82	0.48 (0.45–0.51)
Childhood
Family history of SUD	33.12	31.88	34.39	46.34	45.08	47.61	1.74 (1.66–1.83)
Sexual abuse	8.84	8.23	9.48	11.80	11.14	12.50	1.38 (1.26–1.51)
Vulnerable family environment (mean)	2.94	2.84	3.04	3.56	3.47	3.66	1.03 (1.03–1.04)
Parental divorce or death	8.70	8.21	9.23	10.46	9.93	11.01	1.23 (1.13–1.33)
Early adolescence
Impulsivity	12.88	12.26	13.53	21.49	20.62	22.37	1.85 (1.72–1.99)
Low self-esteem	11.35	10.56	12.19	12.91	12.17	13.69	1.16 (1.06–1.27)
Early-onset anxiety	9.13	8.40	9.92	10.97	10.16	11.83	1.23 (1.12–1.34)
Social deviance^b (mean)	0.32	0.30	0.35	0.79	0.75	0.83	1.33 (1.29–1.37)
Late adolescence
Education years (mean)	14.13	13.98	14.27	13.45	13.36	13.55	0.95 (0.93–0.96)
History of trauma	49.87	48.34	51.41	58.30	57.08	59.51	1.41 (1.33–1.48)
Number of Axis I disorders excluding ND (mean)^b	0.34	0.32	0.36	0.66	0.63	0.69	1.49 (1.43–1.54)
Number of Personality disorders (mean)	0.31	0.29	0.33	0.49	0.47	0.52	1.23 (1.19–1.26)
Adulthood^c
Ever divorced	27.55	26.68	28.43	40.81	39.62	42.01	1.81 (1.72–1.91)
History of SUD
Alcohol	20.04	18.73	21.43	47.53	45.92	49.14	3.61 (3.36–3.89)
Cannabis	3.63	3.22	4.09	15.66	14.77	16.60	4.93 (4.37–5.57)
Other drugs	2.27	1.97	2.61	10.04	9.32	10.81	4.81 (4.18–5.54)
Regular physical exercise	71.04	69.64	72.41	70.47	69.42	71.50	0.97 (0.92–1.03)
Social deviance (mean) ^b	1.10	1.04	1.16	2.63	2.52	2.73	1.25 (1.23–1.27)
Past year
Social support (mean)	17.28	17.14	17.43	17.66	17.54	17.78	1.01 (1.01–1.02)
Alcohol use disorders	6.05	5.53	6.61	13.48	12.78	14.21	2.42 (2.19–2.67)
Cannabis use disorders	0.62	0.48	0.79	2.63	2.31	3.00	4.35 (3.31–5.72)
Number of Axis I disorders excluding ND (mean)	0.28	0.26	0.29	0.41	0.39	0.43	1.23 (1.19–1.28)
Religious service attendance	61.03	59.58	62.45	45.46	44.09	46.83	0.53 (0.50–0.57)
Marital problems	4.26	3.92	4.62	5.35	4.98	5.76	1.27 (1.13–1.43)
Stressful life events (mean)	1.34	1.30	1.38	1.60	1.56	1.65	1.10 (1.08–1.12)
Independent (mean)	0.61	0.59	0.63	0.75	0.72	0.77	1.19 (1.15–1.23)
Dependent (mean)	0.69	0.66	0.71	0.81	0.78	0.83	1.11 (1.09–1.14)
Social deviance (mean) ^b	0.29	0.27	0.31	0.66	0.63	0.70	1.33 (1.28–1.37)

Bivariate model;

in early adolescence antisocial behavior before age 15; in adulthood since age 15; and past year between Wave 1 and Wave 2;

lifetime but before 12 month. OR= odds ratio; SUD= substance use disorders; ND= nicotine dependence; for continuous variables, ORs reflect the change in the odds per unit of predictor; Significant results are bolded (p<0.05).