Table 4.
Multivariable associations of risk factors and 12-months nicotine dependence (ND) among individuals with lifetime smoking initiation. NESARC wave 2 (n=16,297).
| Model 4a AOR (CI 95%) |
|
|---|---|
| Childhood | |
| Family history of SUD | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) |
| Sexual abuse | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) |
| Vulnerable family environmentb | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) |
| Parental divorce or death | - |
| Early adolescence | |
| Impulsivity | 1.21 (1.07–1.37) |
| Low self-esteem | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) |
| Early-onset anxiety | 0.92 (0.75–1.12) |
| Early-onset of smoking | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) |
| Social devianceb,c | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) |
| Late adolescence | |
| Education yearsb | 0.93 (0.91–0.94) |
| History of trauma | 1.17 (1.05–1.31) |
| Number of Axis I disorders excluding NDb | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) |
| Number of Personality disordersb | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) |
| Adulthoodd | |
| Ever divorced | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) |
| History of SUD | - |
| Nicotine | 7.06 (6.37–7.82) |
| Alcohol | 0.79 (0.70–0.90) |
| Cannabis | - |
| Other drugs | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) |
| Regular physical exercise | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) |
| Social devianceb,c | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) |
| Past year | |
| Social supportb | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
| Alcohol use disorders | 1.45 (1.23–1.70) |
| Cannabis use disorders | - |
| Number of Axis I disorders excluding NDb | 1.27 (1.19–1.35) |
| Religious service attendance | 0.65 (0.58–0.72) |
| Marital problems | 1.33 (1.06–1.66) |
| Stressful life eventsb | |
| Independentb | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) |
| Dependentb | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) |
| Social devianceb,c | 1.12 (1.07–1.16) |
| c indexe=0.82 | |
Only significant variables in Supplementary Model 2 (Supplementary material) were included. Controlling for age, ethnicity, sex and all significant variables in Supplementary Model 2 and including history of ND;
for continuous variables, AORs reflect the change in the odds per unit of predictor;
in early adolescence antisocial behavior before age 15; in adulthood since age 15; and past year between Wave 1 and Wave 2;
lifetime but before 12 month;
c-index for model 4 represent predictability with all variables included; AOR= adjusted odds ratio; SUD= substance use disorders; ND= nicotine dependence; significant variables are bolded (p<0.05). Reference group= smoking initiation with no ND.