Table 2.
Pre- and intra-operative characteristics
| Characteristic | Procedure |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 27 376) | Liver resection, alone (n = 9128) | Liver resection, with other procedure (n = 1047) | Distal pancreatectomy (n = 5608) | Pancreatico-duodenectomy (n = 11 593) | P-value | |
| Age (median, years) | 62 | 60 (50,68) | 62 (53,69) | 60 (50,70) | 65 (56,73) | <0.001 |
| Female gender | 14091 | 4735 (52%) | 507 (48.5%) | 3221 (57.5%) | 5628 (48.6%) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco smoker | 5354 | 1483 (16.2%) | 166 (15.9%) | 1203 (21.5%) | 2502 (21.6%) | <0.001 |
| Preoperative dyspnoea | 2349 | 792 (8.7%) | 91 (8.7%) | 502 (9%) | 964 (8.3%) | 0.542 |
| Do-not-resuscitate order | 46 | 10 (0.1%) | 2 (0.2%) | 11 (0.2%) | 23 (0.2%) | 0.320 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5479 | 1497 (16.4%) | 138 (13.2%) | 1175 (21%) | 2669 (23%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic steroid use | 540 | 180 (2%) | 16 (1.5%) | 130 (2.3%) | 214 (1.8%) | 0.139 |
| Non-independent functional status | 563 | 128 (1.4%) | 28 (2.7%) | 121 (2.2%) | 286 (2.5%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol >2 drinks/day | 686 | 211 (2.6%) | 27 (3%) | 122 (2.5%) | 326 (3.2%) | 0.019 |
| COPD | 1075 | 275 (3%) | 34 (3.2%) | 260 (4.6%) | 506 (4.4%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 2221 | 592 (7.3%) | 64 (7%) | 459 (9.3%) | 1106 (11%) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 64 | 18 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) | 12 (0.2%) | 32 (0.3%) | 0.707 |
| Pre-operative dialysis | 101 | 35 (0.4%) | 3 (0.3%) | 25 (0.4%) | 38 (0.3%) | 0.659 |
| Disseminated cancer | 4494 | 3578 (39.2%) | 345 (33%) | 280 (5%) | 291 (2.5%) | <0.001 |
| INR | 1.0 | 1.0 (1,1.1) | 1.0 (1,1.1) | 1.0 (1,1.1) | 1.0 (1,1.1) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin | 0.6 | 0.6 (0.4,0.8) | 0.7 (0.4,1.11) | 0.5 (0.4,0.7) | 0.8 (0.5,2.1) | <0.001 |
| AST | 27 | 27 (21,39) | 30 (22,52) | 22 (18,28) | 31 (22,65) | <0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase | 96 | 90 (70,121) | 113 (78,215) | 78 (62,98) | 124 (80,250) | <0.001 |
| Albumin | 3.9 | 4.1 (3.7,4.4) | 3.9 (3.4,4.2) | 4 (3.7,4.4) | 3.8 (3.3,4.2) | <0.001 |
| >10% weight loss in past 6 months | 3138 | 411 (4.5%) | 108 (10.3%) | 501 (8.9%) | 2118 (18.3%) | <0.001 |
| Bleeding disorder | 806 | 317 (3.5%) | 33 (3.2%) | 176 (3.1%) | 280 (2.4%) | <0.001 |
| Pre-operative transfusion requirement | 145 | 31 (0.3%) | 8 (0.8%) | 37 (0.7%) | 69 (0.6%) | 0.018 |
| Chemotherapy within 30 days | 1104 | 704 (8.7%) | 64 (7%) | 77 (1.6%) | 259 (2.6%) | <0.001 |
| Radiation therapy within 90 days | 467 | 84 (1%) | 19 (2.1%) | 62 (1.3%) | 302 (3%) | <0.001 |
| SIRS | 425 | 114 (1.2%) | 27 (2.6%) | 79 (1.4%) | 205 (1.8%) | 0.001 |
| Sepsis | 558 | 141 (1.6%) | 38 (3.7%) | 111 (2%) | 268 (2.3%) | <0.001 |
| Septic Shock | 12 | 5 (0.1%) | 2 (0.2%) | 3 (0.1%) | 2 (0.0%) | 0.062 |
| ASA Class 3 or greater | 18383 | 6186 (67.8%) | 734 (70.1%) | 3369 (60.1%) | 8094 (69.8%) | <0.001 |
| Operative time (median, min) | 277 | 212 (151,288) | 324 (238,451.5) | 210 (157,283) | 357 (285,443) | <0.001 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; INR, International Normalized Ratio; AST, aspartate transaminase; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.