Table 1.

Approaches to therapeutic interventions in sepsis

S. No.	Approach	Class/Drug	Mechanism of action	References
1	Experimental	LPS sequestrants	Neutralize LPS activity	Burns et al., 2005; Puddu et al., 2010; Vicent et al., 2010; Zheng et al., 2010
2		HMGB-1 inhibitors	Block HMGB-1 activity	Ulloa et al., 2002; Matthay and Ware, 2004; Chen et al., 2005; Tang et al., 2008; 2009
3		MIF inhibitors	Act against MIF	Tohyama et al., 2008
4		Antimicrobial peptides	Antibacterial and LPS-neutralizing activity	Yibin et al., 2005; Shai et al., 2006
5		Curcumin	Inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-κB	Kang et al., 2004
6		Diacerhein	Attenuates the synthesis and activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines	Calisto et al., 2012
7		Andrographolide sulfonate	Suppresses the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6	Guo et al., 2012
8	Clinical	Recombinant activated protein C	Blocks factors Va and VIIIa, inhibits cytokine production	Matthay, 2001
9		TLR4 antagonists	Block TLR4	Sha et al., 2007; Opal et al., 2013
10		C5a receptor (C5aR) antagonists and C1 inhibitors	Prevent activation of complement system	Strachan et al., 2000; Charchaflieh et al., 2012
11		Endotoxin removal devices	Bind and neutralize LPS activity	Davies and Cohen, 2011
12		Caspase inhibitors	Anti-apoptic activity	Weber et al., 2009
13		Oestrogen receptor-β agonists	Suppress transcription of pro-inflammatory genes	Cristofaro et al., 2006
14		Statins	Inhibit LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and antioxidant	Fraunberger et al., 2009