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. 2014 Nov 10;143(4):588–600. doi: 10.1111/imm.12337

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) activates natural killer (NK) cells in part via tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). (a) Secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-1β and TNF-α in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with CpG-A, UV-inactivated and infectious HSV-1 (HSVUV and HSVINF) for 18 hr. Data were obtained using a T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 11 multiplex cytokine bead array. Only data with significant differences between HSVINF and HSVUV are shown. Results represent mean and standard error of seven independent experiments. *P < 0·05 versus mock; #P < 0·05 HSVUV versus HSVINF (Tukey HSD). (b) Percentage of NK cells expressing CD69, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and CD107a, and (c) IFN-α production after stimulation of PBMC in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-α receptor (anti-IFN-aR). Results represent mean and standard error of five independent experiments. *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01 neutralizing antibody versus respective isotype control (Student’s t-test).