(A) PCR-based quantification of fecal bacterial load. (B) PCR-based quantification of bacterial load adhered to colonic mucosa. (C) Distances of closest bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) per condition over 5 high-powered fields per mouse. (D) Confocal microscopy analysis of microbiota localization; Muc2 (green), actin (purple), bacteria (red), and DNA (Blue). (E) AIEC colonization was determinedin WT, TLR5KO, TLR5fl/fl, TLR5ΔIEC and TLR5ΔDC mice by platting on media containing selective antibiotics. Data are the means +/− S.E.M. and points represent data from individual mice. Significance was determined by Student's t-test, * indicates p<0.05 compared to WT or TLR5fl/flgroup.