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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2014 Jun 14;0:57–63. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.05.008

Figure 2. Conversion of homeostatic perturbations into neuromodulatory states.

Figure 2

Metabolic needs are detected by designated peripheral organs, or directly by central neurons, that convert the physiological perturbation into an endocrine or neuromodulatory signal. AKH – adipokinetic hormone, DA – dopamine, DL1 – cluster of dopaminergic neurons, FB – fat body, Gr43a – protocerebral neurons expressing the fructose receptor Gr43a, Upd2 – unpaired 2, ‘?’ – unknown neuromodulator.