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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 3.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Neurosci. 2014 Sep 15;37(11):620–628. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.010

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Focal brain edema is caused by the interplay of cytotoxic changes in the core of an infarct or injury, and ionic mechanisms in the surrounding tissue or penumbra. (A) Illustration of focal brain edema following an ischemic stroke. (B) Diagram showing how net influx of Na+ into dead or dying cells in the core can set up an ionic gradient for water influx into the penumbra, which is incompletely counterbalanced by K+ efflux. Abbreviations: Plasma membrane (P.m.), end-foot membrane (E.f.m.).