Table 5.
Multivariate linear random effects models predicting psychiatric bed rates b
| Independent variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Innovators | 1.23* | 0.51 | 1.09* | |||
| (0.37) | (0.97) | (0.25) | ||||
| Non-adopters | -0.09 | 1.25* | -0.02 | |||
| (0.41) | (0.34) | (0.30) | ||||
| Mental health plan | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.28* | -0.16 | -0.07 | -0.05 |
| (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.07) | (0.08) | |
| Mental health law | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.20* | 0.20* |
| (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Log of psychiatrists | 0.27* | 0.26* | 0.23+ | 0.23+ | 0.25* | 0.25* |
| (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Log of nurses | 0.27* | 0.26* | 0.21* | 0.23* | 0.25* | 0.25* |
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |
| Log of psychologists | -0.03 | -0.02 | 0.16 | 0.15 | -0.08 | -0.07 |
| (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.07) | (0.07) | |
| Log of social workers | 0.02 | 0.01 | -0.15 | -0.14 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.13) | (0.13) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |
| Mental-primary care | 1.36+ | 1.43+ | -0.60 | -0.63 | 0.61 | 0.67 |
| (0.76) | (0.76) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.42) | (0.42) | |
| Community care | -0.05 | -0.06 | -0.20 | -0.18 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
| (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.26) | (0.26) | (0.13) | (0.13) | |
| User and family assocs | -0.40 | -0.48 | -0.41 | -0.32 | -0.41 | -0.47 |
| (0.35) | (0.37) | (0.42) | (0.39) | (0.31) | (0.32) | |
| NGO’s | -0.01 | -0.04 | 0.13 | 0.87 | 0.17 | 0.18 |
| (0.42) | (0.53) | (0.78) | (0.66) | (0.44) | (0.50) | |
| Health info. tech. | 0.16+ | 0.18+ | -0.03 | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.13) | (0.13) | (0.07) | (0.07) | |
| Log of MNS disorders | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.07) | (0.07) | |
| Pharmaceutical:Health spending | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.08 | -0.02 | 0.07 | -0.02 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.17) | (0.02) | (0.10) | (0.01) | |
| Health spending (%GDP) | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.03 |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| World Bank income group | 0.19 | 0.18 | -0.02 | -0.05 | -0.01 | 0.05 |
| (0.12) | (0.11) | (0.02) | (0.17) | (0.01) | (0.10) | |
| Log of disasters | -0.09+ | -0.09+ | -0.05 | -0.02 | -0.10* | -0.10* |
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |
| Instances of war | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.45* | 0.45* | 0.31* | 0.31* |
| (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.14) | (0.14) | |
| Ethnolinguistic fractionalization | -0.25 | -0.27 | 0.07 | 0.03 | -0.25 | -0.27 |
| (0.22) | (0.21) | (0.26) | (0.24) | (0.18) | (0.18) | |
| Political imprisonment | 0.12+ | 0.12+ | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.10* | 0.10+ |
| (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |
| Government effectiveness | -0.02 | -0.08 | 0.45+ | 0.34 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
| (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.24) | (0.25) | (0.13) | (0.13) | |
| Constant | 0.52 | 0.58 | 1.61 | 0.11 | 1.93+ | 1.94 |
| (1.37) | (1.53) | (1.91) | (1.80) | (1.09) | (1.22) | |
| Number of observations | 117 | 117 | 118 | 118 | 131 | 131 |
| Breusch-Pagan chibar2(01) | 20.08* | 25.34* | 25.71* | |||
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Hausman chi2(13) | 8.75* | 14.27* | 4.36* | |||
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
+p < 0.10, *p < 0.05.
bModels 1 and 2 pertain to mental hospital beds, 3 and 4 to general hospital beds, and 5 and 6 to overall bed rates. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. ‘Late adopters’ is the reference category against which innovators and non-adopters were compared to. It is a combination of early adopters, early majority, and late majority in Table 4.