Table 2.

Final models of relationship between socioeconomic status and psychological factors on knowledge and self care behaviors

	Knowledge	Medication Adherence	General Diet	Specific Diet	Exercise	Blood Sugar Testing	Foot Care
Education
Less than high school (ref)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
High school graduate	2.69	−0.03	−0.34	−0.37	0.53	0.13	−0.03
College	5.76 *	−0.20	−0.16	−0.19	0.66	0.39	−0.09
More than college	8.19 *	−0.10	−0.12	−0.15	1.24 *	−0.31	0.15
Employment
Not employed (ref)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Employed	−0.99	−0.27	0.14	−0.09	0.34	0.06	0.08
Income
<$20,000 (ref)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
<$50,000	3.39 *	−0.02	−0.09	−0.14	−1.06 **	−0.37	−0.17
<$75,000	6.91 *	−0.33	−0.25	−0.01	−0.85 *	−0.69	−0.17
$75,000 +	5.49	−0.02	0.05	0.33	−0.59	−0.60	−0.62
Social Subjective Status
1st quartile (ref)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
2nd quartile	−1.58	−0.20	0.21	0.17	0.03	−0.14	−0.18
3rd quartile	−4.32	−0.21	−0.26	0.18	0.22	−0.31	−0.19
4th quartile	−2.76	−0.28	0.22	0.14	0.20	−0.08	−0.43
Fatalism	0.07	0.03 *	0.03 *	0.01	0.004	0.02	0.01
Depression	−0.004	0.002	0.003	0.02	−0.06 *	0.002	0.004
Self-efficacy	0.16	0.05 *	0.12 **	0.05 *	0.06 *	0.03	0.03
Diabetes Distress	0.47	−0.58 **	−0.46 *	−0.21	−0.14	−0.27	−0.24
Serious Psychological Distress	−0.13	0.004	0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03
Social Support	−0.01	0.001	0.01	0.004	−0.003	0.01	0.01
Perceived Stress	−0.25	−0.12 **	−0.05	−0.06 *	−0.03	−0.09 *	−0.09 *
Age
18–34 (ref)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
35–44 years	1.37	0.63	1.46	1.02	0.55	0.48	0.79
45–64 years	2.19	0.89	1.37 *	0.98	0.55	0.03	1.53
65+ years	−1.40	1.21	1.66 *	1.25 *	0.50	0.18	1.76
Gender
Male (ref)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Female	2.48	0.44 *	0.06	0.21	−0.53 *	0.15	0.26
Race
Non-Hispanic White (ref)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Non-Hispanic Black	−2.71	−0.34	−0.02	0.28	0.02	0.07	0.46
Hispanic/Other	−1.71	−0.66	−0.49	0.86	0.24	0.55	1.14
Marital Status
Not married (ref)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Married	1.40	0.28	−0.16	0.03	−0.26	0.21	0.06
Health Literacy
Low (ref)	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Marginal	0.04	0.58	0.22	0.02	−0.04	−0.11	0.54
Adequate	9.10 **	0.26	0.07	−0.23	−0.08	0.05	0.21
Comorbidity	0.27	−0.09 *	0.07	−0.01	−0.01	0.20 **	0.22 **
R2	0.2039	0.2384	0.2302	0.1381	0.1358	0.0737	0.0927

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.001,

ref = reference group

Adjusted beta estimates are given for final linear model for each outcome and for each hierarchical model, variables were entered in blocks based on theoretical relationships: socioeconomic factors (block 1), psychological factors (block 2), demographic factors (block 3), health literacy (block 4), and comorbidity (block 5).