Table 3.

Final models of relationship between socioeconomic status and psychological factors on diabetes outcomes and quality of life

	HbA1c	LDL	Systolic Blood Pressure	PCS	MCS
Education
Less than high school (ref)	---	---	---	---	---
High school graduate	−0.32	11.06	−4.44	−0.15	0.82 ^*
College	−0.27	3.64	−5.47 ^*	0.04	0.61
More than college	−0.72 ^*	20.63	−1.83	0.15	0.52
Employment
Not employed (ref)	---	---	---	---	---
Employed	0.14	7.00	−2.16	0.16	0.36
Income
<$20,000 (ref)	---	---	---	---	---
<$50,000	0.12	2.59	1.19	−0.02	0.22
<$75,000	−0.14	15.51	0.28	−0.01	−0.14
$75,000 +	−0.66 ^*	−5.05	6.86 ^*	0.01	0.37
Social Subjective Status
1^st quartile (ref)	---	---	---	---	---
2^nd quartile	0.11	11.19	1.54	0.03	−0.28
3^rd quartile	0.14	1.31	−0.88	−0.09	−0.10
4^th quartile	0.78 ^*	7.31	1.87	−0.05	0.08
Fatalism	−0.01	−0.22	0.01	0.004	−0.01
Depression	−0.02	0.70	0.03	−0.01	−0.08 ^*
Self-efficacy	−0.12 ^**	0.74	−0.29	−0.01	0.01
Diabetes Distress	0.43 ^*	−3.29	0.16	0.08	−0.07
Serious Psychological Distress	0.01	1.16	0.02	0.02 ^*	−0.09 ^**
Social Support	0.01	−0.02	−0.003	0.002	0.01 ^*
Perceived Stress	−0.02	2.18	−0.67 ^*	0.002	−0.12 ^**
Age
18–34 (ref)	---	---	---	---	---
35–44 years	0.41	−12.59	−1.75	−0.01	0.21
45–64 years	−0.07	7.38	−2.59	0.24	0.47
65+ years	−0.49	0.35	−2.54	0.41	−0.11
Gender
Male (ref)	---	---	---	---	---
Female	−0.36 ^*	12.20	5.66 ^*	0.10	−0.29
Race
Non-Hispanic White (ref)	---	---	---	---	---
Non-Hispanic Black	0.06	9.61	3.28	−0.07	−0.13
Hispanic/Other	−0.53	19.38	−1.84	−0.06	−0.41
Marital Status
Not married (ref)	---	---	---	---	---
Married	−0.08	5.16	−0.15	−0.19 ^*	−0.21
Health Literacy
Low (ref)	---	---	---	---	---
Marginal	−0.50	−13.95	−0.16	−0.09	−0.40
Adequate	−0.13	−5.70	2.04	0.04	−0.74 ^*
Comorbidity	0.01	0.14	0.31	−0.02	−0.16 ^**
R²	0.2321	0.0757	0.0867	0.0697	0.4030

p<0.05,

^**

p<0.001,

ref = reference group, PCS = physical component summary score of SF12 quality of life, MCS = mental component summary score of SF12 quality of life

Adjusted beta estimates are given for final linear model for each outcome and for each hierarchical model, variables were entered in blocks based on theoretical relationships: socioeconomic factors (block 1), psychological factors (block 2), demographic factors (block 3), health literacy (block 4), and comorbidity (block 5).