Table 3.

Extracellular Binding Partners for HMGB1

Name	Function	Receptor	Reference
Inorganic polyphosphate	Amplifies inflammatory signaling	RAGE, P2Y1	(Dinarvand et al., 2014)
CXCL12	Promoting inflammatory cell recruitment and activation	CXCR4	(Kew et al., 2012; Schiraldi et al., 2012)
DNA	Immunity regulation	TLR9, RAGE	(Jinushi, 2012; Pisetsky, 2012b; Tian et al., 2007)
Hemoglobin	Amplifies inflammatory signaling	TLR2, TLR4	(Lin et al., 2012c)
LPS	Amplifies inflammatory signaling	CD14, TLR4	(Hreggvidsdottir et al., 2012; Qin et al., 2009; Youn et al., 2008)
Pam(3)CSK(4)	Amplifies inflammatory signaling	TLR2	(Hreggvidsdottir et al., 2012)
Heparin	Diminishes inflammatory signaling	RAGE	(Ling et al., 2011)
Kinked oligonucleotide duplexes	Diminishes inflammatory signaling	Unknown	(Musumeci et al., 2011)
IL-1α	Amplifies inflammatory signaling	IL-1R	(Harris et al., 2012; Wahamaa et al., 2011)
IL-1β	Amplifies inflammatory signaling	IL-1R	(Garcia-Arnandis et al., 2010b; Harris et al., 2012; Leclerc et al., 2013; Sha et al., 2008; Wahamaa et al., 2011)
RNA substrates	Regulates RNA processing as well as transcription	Unknown	(Bell et al., 2008)
Nucleosome (histone)	Amplifies inflammatory signaling	TLR2 TLR9	(Huang et al., 2011a; Urbonaviciute et al., 2008)
Lipids	Amplifies inflammatory signaling	Unknown	(Rouhiainen et al., 2007)
Thrombomodulin	Diminishes inflammatory signaling	Unknown	(Abeyama et al., 2005)