Goal-tracking time (s) during each postshift trial (4% sucrose) was subtracted from the goal-tracking time (s) of each animal in its last preshift trial (32% sucrose) in downshifted animals from the three classes of recovery identified. The classes (percentage of total sample) were labeled according to their postshift performance: Recovery (83%), No Recovery (11%), and No Contrast (6%). The sample size for each class was 217, 30, and 15 animals, respectively. Change scores are estimated means derived from the latent growth mixture model.