Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics for Study Hospitals, Average over Five Years (2007–2011)

	Safety-Net Hospitals†	Non-Safety-Net Hospitals
No. of hospitals (total = 1,453)	364	1,089
Medicaid and uninsured patient load (%)	42.4	20.4***
Hospital characteristics
Ownership (%)
Public	24.2	8.9***
Private, not-for-profit	54.1	75.0
Private, for-profit	21.7	16.1
Size (%)
Small (<150 beds)	43.7	39.7***
Medium (150–449)	43.0	51.4
Large (450 and more)	13.3	9.0
Teaching status (%)
Major teaching	16.4	7.5***
Minor teaching	20.9	26.8
Nonteaching	62.7	65.8
System affiliation (%)	63.4	67.1**
High-severity patients (%)	24.6	28.4***
Outpatient visits (#)	186,532	199,280*
Financial measures
Operating margin (%)	−2.9	1.1***
Total margin (%)	2.5	4.4***
Operating revenues ($)‡	2,299.1	2,383.2***
Total revenues ($)‡	2,452.5	2,517.0*
Operating expenses ($)‡	2,350.9	2,342.8
Total expenses ($)‡	2,380.8	2,388.6
Market characteristics
Hospital concentration	0.34	0.31**
HMO penetration§ (%)	23.7	23.9
Median household income	49,492.3	52,127.6***
Unemployment rate (%)	8.4	7.7***

Note.

Significance testing for differences between safety-net and non-safety-net hospitals in ownership, size, and teaching status applies to the overall distribution across categories of each characteristic rather than by each specific category.

^†Safety-net hospitals were defined as those that had the percentage of Medicaid and uninsured patients falling within the top quartile of this measure in 2007.

^‡Revenues and expenses were adjusted for inflation using the GDP deflator, and measured as per adjusted patient day.

^§Data on HMO penetration is available only for 1 year, 2006.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001.