Table 3.

Two-Part Multivariate Analysis of Different Types of Health Spending before and during the Great Recession among the Uninsured Population: Part 1 – Any Cost, Part 2 – Ln (Total Cost)

	Rx Spending	MD Visits Spending	ED Spending	Inpatient Spending
Part 1 – Any cost	Or	Or	Or	Or
Before recession (2005–2006)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Recession indicator (2008–2009)	−0.08	0.04	0.13	−0.21
U.S. citizens	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Non-U.S. citizens ≤5 years	−0.09	0.02	−0.72*	0.61*
Non-U.S. citizens >5 years	−0.04	0.10	−0.15	0.38
Non-U.S. citizens ≤5 years × recession indicator	−0.07	−0.27	−0.10	0.14
Non-U.S. citizens >5 years × recession indicator	0.20	−0.03	−0.32	−0.18
Part 2 – Ln (total cost)	Coef	Coef	Coef	Coef
Before recession (2005–2006)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Recession indicator (2008–2009)	−0.50***	0.01	0.17	0.15
U.S. citizens	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Non-U.S. citizens ≤5 years	−0.32	0.04	0.20	0.34
Non-U.S. citizens >5 years	0.21	0.06	−0.41	0.03
Non-U.S. citizens ≤5 years × recession indicator	0.00	0.33	0.42	−1.06*
Non-U.S. citizens >5 years × recession indicator	−0.44***	0.03	0.33	−0.44
Covariates	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Note. “Recession indicator” corresponds to a dichotomous variable equal to zero for wave 1 (2005–2006) and equal to 1 for wave 2 (2008–2009). All regressions used Model 3 specification, which controlled for all covariates. They are not shown for brevity but are available upon request. MD visits: physician visits Rx: prescription drugs. ED: emergency department.

Statistically significant differences are ^***p < .001; ^**p < .01; ^*p < .05.

Source: 2005–2006 and 2008–2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data.