Table 2.
Demographics, Sexual Risk Behaviors, Knowledge and Attitudes of Heterosexual, MA-using Women with a History of Partner Violence in San Diego, CA
| Baseline Characteristic | Age ≤ 44 yrs (n=121) | Age ≥ 45 yrs (n=33) | Total (n=154) | Test statistic | P-value | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Racial Group | ||||||
| White (ref) | 43 (35.5%) | 16 (48.5%) | 59 (38.3%) | N/A | 0.555 | - |
| African American/Black | 32 (26.5%) | 7 (21.2%) | 39 (25.3%) | 0.75 (0.30–1.89) | ||
| Hispanic/Latino | 28 (23.1%) | 5 (15.1%) | 33 (21.4%) | 0.59 (0.21–1.68) | ||
| Other | 18 (14.9%) | 5 (15.1%) | 23 (14.9%) | 1.02 (0.35–3.00) | ||
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Never Married (ref) | 62 (51.2%) | 8 (24.2%) | 70 (45.5%) | N/A | 0.031 | - |
| Married | 10 (8.3%) | 3 (9.1%) | 13 (8.4%) | 1.11 (0.29–4.29) | ||
| Separated/Filing for Divorce | 18 (14.9%) | 8 (24.2%) | 26 (16.9%) | 1.83 (0.72–4.69) | ||
| Divorced/Widowed | 31 (25.6%) | 14 (42.4%) | 45 (29.2%) | 2.14 (0.60–4.77) | ||
| Current Living Situation | ||||||
| Living w/ spouse or sexual partner (ref) | 30 (24.8%) | 2 (6.1%) | 32 (20.8%) | N/A | 0.067 | - |
| Living w/ another adult or other | 60 (49.6%) | 20 (60.6%) | 80 (51.9%) | 1.56 (0.71–3.43) | ||
| Living alone | 16 (13.2%) | 4 (12.1%) | 20 (13.0%) | 0.91 (0.28–2.92) | ||
| Homeless | 15 (12.4%) | 7 (21.2%) | 22 (14.3%) | 1.90 (0.70–5.14) | ||
| Employment | ||||||
| Currently Employed (ref) | 27 (22.3%) | 3 (9.1%) | 30 (19.5%) | N/A | 0.135 | - |
| Unemployed | 94 (77.7%) | 30 (90.9%) | 124 (80.5%) | 3.48 (0.10–1.23) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| < High school diploma/GED (ref) | 42 (34.7%) | 4 (12.1%) | 46 (29.9%) | N/A | 0.035 | - |
| High school diploma/GED | 35 (28.9%) | 13 (39.4%) | 48 (31.2%) | 1.60 (0.72–3.56) | ||
| College Level a | 44 (36.4%) | 16 (48.5%) | 60 (40.0%) | 1.65 (0.76–3.58) | ||
| Annual Income | ||||||
| <$10,000–$19,000 (ref) | 111 (91.7%) | 29 (87.9%) | 140 (90.9%) | N/A | 0.500 | |
| >$20,000 | 10 (8.3%) | 4 (12.1%) | 14 (9.1%) | 1.53 (0.45–5.24) | ||
| Ever Convicted of a Felony | 58 (47.9%) | 21 (63.6%) | 79 (51.3%) | χ2 = 2.56 | 0.120 | 1.90 (0.86–4.21) |
| Sexual Risk Behaviors b | ||||||
| Presence of STI | 24 (19.8%) | 3 (9.1%) | 27 (17.5%) | N/A | 0.200 | 0.40 (0.11–1.44) |
| Median number of sex partners (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 4 (0–6) | 2 (1–4) | Z = 1.37 | 0.179 | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) |
| Engaged in sex w/ steady partner or spouse who is HIV+ or serostatus is unknown | 11 (9.1%) | 3 (9.1%) | 14 (9.1%) | N/A | 0.999 | 1.00 (0.26–3.82) |
| Reported not knowing casual/anonymous partners’ HIV+ status | 42 (34.7%) | 14 (42.4%) | 56 (36.4%) | χ2 = 0.67 | 0.414 | 0.72 (0.33–1.58) |
| Having unprotected sex while high on MA w/ spouse or steady partner, some or most of the time c | 83 (80.6%) | 18 (75.0%) | 101 (79.5%) | χ2 = 0.37 | 0.541 | 0.72 (0.25–2.06) |
| Having unprotected sex while high on MA w/ casual or anonymous partner, some of most of the time c | 68 (75.6%) | 20 (80.0%) | 88 (76.5%) | χ2 = 0.22 | 0.643 | 1.29 (0.43–3.86) |
| Alcohol use before/during sex d | 29 (28.4%) | 10 (40.0%) | 39 (25.3%) | χ2 = 1.26 | 0.261 | 1.68 (0.68–4.16) |
| MA use before/during sex d | 83 (69.2%) | 24 (72.7%) | 107 (69.5%) | χ2 = 0.16 | 0.693 | 1.19 (0.50–2.81) |
| Other drugs used before/during sex d | 24 (20.0%) | 7 (21.2%) | 31 (20.1%) | χ2 = 0.02 | 0.878 | 1.08 (0.42–2.78) |
| Consuming alcohol or drugs before/during sex d | 93 (82.3%) | 25 (83.3%) | 118 (76.6%) | χ2 = 0.02 | 0.895 | 1.07 (0.37–3.15) |
| Engaged in unprotected vaginal sex with a spouse/steady partner | 90 (97.8%) | 23 (100%) | 113 (98.3) | χ2 = 0.51 | 1.00 | - |
| Engaged in unprotected vaginal sex with a casual/anonymous partner | 63 (75.9%) | 18 (78.3%) | 81 (76.4%) | χ2 = 0.56 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.29–2.66) |
| Engaged in unprotected anal sex with a spouse/steady partner | 34 (85.0%) | 5 (83.3%) | 39 (84.8%) | χ2 = 0.01 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.11–11.48) |
| Engaged in unprotected anal sex with a casual/anonymous partner | 11 (73.3%) | 2 (50.0%) | 13 (68.4) | χ2 = 0.80 | 0.557 | 2.75 (0.28–26.61) |
| Knowledge & Attitudes | ||||||
| Self-efficacy for condom use e, mean score (SD) | 3.19 (0.7) | 2.87 (0.7) | 3.11 (0.7) | t = 2.24 | 0.027 | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) |
| Positive outcome expectancies for condom use f, mean score (SD) | 2.1 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.6) | 2.07 (0.6) | t = 2.05 | 0.042 | 0.50 (0.25–0.98) |
| HIV knowledge (% correct) g, mean score (SD) | 89.7 (10.8) | 85.3 (12.0) | 88.8 (11.5) | t = 2.00 | 0.047 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) |
| Positive attitudes towards HIV prevention behaviors h, mean score (SD) | 3.8 (1.3) | 4.0 (1.1) | 3.84 (1.2) | t = −0.61 | 0.541 | 1.12 (0.80–1.53) |
| Perceived social norms towards HIV prevention behaviors i, mean score (SD) | 4.0 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.1) | t = 0.32 | 0.752 | 0.94 (0.66–1.34) |
Fisher’s exact test was used to evaluate differences between age groups. The Chi-Squared test was used for all other binary variables and the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for continuous variables. Confidence intervals omitted contained bivariate tables where the cell size was less than 0.
Variables included in the bivariate model are shown in bold, with a p-value ≤.20.
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, MA methamphetamine, GED general education degree (high school equivalency), ref reference group.
Includes attended some college (w/out degree completion), 2 yr degree, 4 year degree or more
Past two months
5 point Likert Scale from Never to Always
4 point Likert Scale from Never to Very Often
11 items, 4 point Likert Scale from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree
12 items, 4 point Likert Scale from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree
18 true/false items
3 items, 5 point Likert Scale from Very Bad to Very Good
3 items, 5 point Likert Scale from Very Untrue to Very True