. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2014 Jul 30;0:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.06.008

Table 1.

Relationships between ROS and lethal stressors

Stressor category	Lethal agent examined	ROS/oxidative stress level increase^a	Effect of ROS perturbation on lethality			References
Stressor category	Lethal agent examined	ROS/oxidative stress level increase^a	Anaerobic conditions	Chemical inhibition of ROS accumulation^b	Deficiency in ROS scavenging enzyme	References
Quinolone	Nalidixic acid	Yes, all ROS (H2DCFDA)	Block	Block	Increase by ΔkatG	[11,26]
	Oxolinic acid	Yes, hydroxyl radical (HPF)	Block	Block	Increase by ΔkatG^c	[17]
	Norfloxacin	Yes, all ROS (multiple dyes)^d	Reduce	Reduce	Increase^e (ΔkatG)/decrease (katG over-expression)	[9,12,30,44]
	Ciprofloxacin	Yes, all ROS (lucigenin and luminol). Yes, lipid and DNA base oxidation	Reduce or block	Reduce	Increase by ΔkatG^c	[5,8,10,11]
	Ofloxacin	NA^f	Block	NA^f	NA^f	[10]
	Moxifloxacin	Yes, hydroxyl radical (HPF)	Reduce	Reduce	NA^f	[13,17]
	PD161144	Yes, hydroxyl radical (HPF)	No effect	No effect	NA^f	[11,17]
β-lactam	Ampicillin	Yes, all ROS (multiple dyes)^d	Reduce	Reduce	Increase by ΔahpCF^e	[9,12,30,44]
	Oxacillin	NA^f	NA^f	Reduce	NA^f	[13]
	Piperacillin, ceftazidime	Yes, increased lipid and DNA base oxidation	NA^f	NA^f	NA^f	[18]
	Cefuroxime	NA^f	NA^f	Reduce	NA^f	[21]
Aminoglycoside	Kanamycin	Yes, hydroxyl radical (HPF)	Delay or reduce^c	Reduce	Increase by ΔahpCF^e	[9,12]
Aminoglycoside	Gentamicin	Yes, all ROS (multiple dyes)^d	Reduce	Reduce	Decrease by katG over-expression)	[22,30,44]
Glycopeptide	Vancomycin	Yes, hydroxyl radical (HPF)	NA^f	NA^f	NA^f	[9]
Polymyxin	Polymyxin, colistin	Yes, hydroxyl radical (HPF)	NA^f	Reduce (delay)	NA^f	[45]

Intracellular ROS species were detected by various fluorescent dyes: HPF is specific for hydroxyl radical, H2DCFDA reports all ROS, lucigenin is for detection of superoxide, and luminal is for other ROS.

Chemicals used were bipyridyl, thiourea, glutathione, vitamin C, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide.

Authors’ unpublished data.

Increased signal observed with seven fluorescent dyes having various specificities for ROS types [30].

An Hpx⁻ (katG⁻, katE⁻, ahpC⁻) triple mutant showed no increase in lethality with ampicillin, kanamycin, and long but not short exposure to norfloxacin [29], possibly because spontaneous compensatory induction of oxidative stress defense occurs when this mutant grows aerobically [30].

NA, data not available.