Table 4.

Factors associated with unfavorable outcomes following periocular corticosteroid injection^*

Outcome		IOP increase to ≥30mmHg		Glaucoma surgery		Cataract surgery		Incident cataract affecting VA		Incident ME affecting VA
Covariate	Description	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p
Site of uveitis	Anterior	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-
	Intermediate	0.84 (0.44-15.8)	0.58	0.68 (0.29-1.62)	0.39	0.54 (0.34-0.86)	0.009	0.95 (0.53-1.72)	0.87	1.33 (0.63-2.82)	0.45
	Posterior or panuveitis	0.87 (0.47-1.61)	0.66	0.58 (0.25-1.34)	0.20	0.95 (0.63-1.45)	0.82	0.82 (0.49-1.37)	0.46	1.23 (0.60-2.50)	0.58
Race	White	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-
	African-American	1.28 (0.71-2.33)	0.41	1.30 (0.54-3.16)	0.56	1.74 (1.10-2.76)	0.02	1.40 (0.82-2.39)	0.22	1.03 (0.55-1.94)	0.92
	Hispanic or Native American	0.42 (0.06-3.08)	0.39	1.64 (0.38-7.05)	0.51	0.79 (0.31-1.99)	0.61	3.12 (1.36-7.13)	.007	1.40 (0.42-4.73)	0.59
	Other	n/a	--	n/a	--	1.90 (0.95-3.80)	0.07	1.04 (0.30-3.53)	0.95	0.81 (0.16-4.18)	0.80
	Unknown	1.00 (1.16-6.21)	0.99	1.85 (0.24-14.10)	0.55	1.50 (0.38-5.94)	0.56	n/a	n/a	5.29 (1.74-16.05)	0.003
Sex	Male	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-
	Female	0.90 (0.52-1.55)	0.71	0.91 (0.45-1.83)	0.78	0.89 (0.62-1.27)	0.52	0.66 (0.42-1.04)	0.08	0.89 (0.52-1.50)	0.65
Age, years	<20	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-
	20 - <50	0.56 (0.29-1.07)	0.08	0.76 (0.31-1.89)	0.56	1.96 (1.10-3.51)	0.02	0.66 (0.35-1.24)	0.20	1.50 (0.67-3.35)	0.33
	50+	0.59 (0.26-1.32)	0.20	0.61 (0.18-2.07)	0.43	2.77 (1.45-5.29)	0.002	1.48 (0.75-2.90)	0.26	2.28 (0.88-5.92)	0.09
Uveitis duration**	Per year	0.94 (0.89-0.99)	0.02	1.00 (0.95-1.04)	0.89	1.01 (0.98-1.05)	0.52	0.96 (0.92-1.00)	0.08	0.97 (0.91-1.03)	0.34
Systemic therapy***	Neither	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-
	Systemic corticosteroids only	0.82 (0.29-2.31)	0.71	1.96 (0.60-6.36)	0.26	1.70 (0.89-3.23)	0.10	1.52 (0.79-2.94)	0.21	0.71 (0.27-1.89)	0.49
	Immunosuppressives +/− systemic corticosteroids	0.37 (0.05-2.68)	0.33	0.87 (0.14-5.37)	0.88	1.81 (1.01-3.22)	0.04	1.70 (0.73-3.97)	0.22	0.58 (0.15-2.28)	0.44
Number of injections	1	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-	1.0	-
	2 or 3	0.70 (0.40-1.24)	0.22	1.24 (0.58-2.64)	0.59	1.66 (1.05-2.62)	0.03	1.61 (0.93-2.78)	0.09	1.44 (0.77-2.70)	0.26
	4 or more	0.53 (0.28-1.00)	0.05	0.77 (0.31-1.91)	0.57	2.05 (1.32-3.17)	0.001	2.12 (1.22-3.68)	0.008	2.77 (1.50-5.09)	0.001

Multivariable survival analyses (Cox proportional hazards model) for unfavorable outcomes. For all categorical variables, the first row represents the reference category.

^*Outcome definitions: IOP increase to ≥30mmHg= Eyes that had less than 30 mmHg at the time of first periocular corticosteroid injection and developed IOP elevation to≥30mmHg following periocular corticosteroid injection. Glaucoma surgery= Incident glaucoma surgery. Cataract surgery= incident cataract surgery excluding the first 30 days following the first periocular corticosteroid injection (where prevention of post-cataract surgery inflammation likely was the indication for treatment). Incident cataract affecting VA= eyes with visual acuity worse than 20/40 where cataract was recorded as the cause of vision loss. Incident ME affecting vision= eyes with visual acuity 20/40 or better and no macular edema at the time of first injection that developed visual acuity less than 20/40 and macular edema recorded as the cause of vision loss.

^**Uveitis Duration of uveitis reflects duration at the time of first periocular injection.

^***Systemic Therapy: Systemic therapy reflects the use of systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs at the time of or prior to the first injection.

Systemic corticosteroids includes any systemic corticosteroid use with no concomitant immunosuppressive therapy use (n=215); immunosuppressive drugs include all immunosuppressive drugs listed in table 1 as well as cases where immunosuppressives were used in combination with oral corticosteroids (n=263).

HR=hazard ratio; CI=confidence interval.