TABLE 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics According to Patient Clusters
| Characteristic | Cluster 1 (n = 773) |
Cluster 2 (n = 287) |
Cluster 3 (n = 313) |
Cluster 4 (n = 246) |
p Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 63(56–72) | 49(40–56) | 60(53–68) | 55(46–64) | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 21 | 38 | 25 | 39 | <0.001 |
| Black, % | 28 | 69 | 28 | 20 | <0.001 |
| White, % | 67 | 27 | 67 | 77 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30(26–34) | 34(27–41) | 29(27–33) | 28(25–33) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 112(102–126) | 117(108–130) | 114(102–130) | 104(94–114) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 70(62–78) | 76(68–84) | 70(60–80) | 64(60–72) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy, % | 68 | 10 | 80 | 9 | <0.001 |
| Prior heart failure hospitalizations | <0.001 | ||||
| None, % | 76.8 | 56.1 | 74.4 | 81.3 | |
| 1, % | 17.9 | 33.4 | 19.2 | 14.6 | |
| 2, % | 3.5 | 7.7 | 3.2 | 2.4 | |
| ≥3, % | 1.8 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 1.6 | |
| Symptoms | |||||
| NYHA III–IV, % | 39 | 27 | 43 | 21 | <0.001 |
| History of angina, % | 11 | 14 | 97 | 7 | <0.001 |
| CCS Angina Class, % | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 95 | 90 | 29 | 98 | |
| 1 | 4 | 8 | 28 | 2 | |
| 2–4 | 1 | 2 | 43 | 0 | |
| Past medical and surgical history | |||||
| History of MI, % | 55.2 | 6.6 | 70.9 | 6.1 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 71.2 | 64.5 | 74.1 | 12.6 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 41.9 | 21.6 | 41.2 | 5.7 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, % | 31.8 | 6.6 | 14.7 | 11.8 | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 76.8 | 40.8 | 83.7 | 38.6 | <0.001 |
| Stroke, % | 12.0 | 12.5 | 9.9 | 4.1 | 0.003 |
| PVD, % | 9.7 | 4.2 | 6.7 | 0.8 | <0.001 |
| COPD, % | 12.7 | 13.2 | 8.9 | 4.5 | 0.001 |
| Prior valve surgery, % | 8.0 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 4.9 | <0.001 |
| Prior PCI, % | 27.8 | 3.1 | 42.8 | 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Prior CABG, % | 37.1 | 1.7 | 42.2 | 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Laboratories | |||||
| Sodium, mmol/l | 139(137–141) | 139(138–141) | 139(137–141) | 139(137–140) | 0.033 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.3(1.1–1.6) | 1.1(0.9–1.3) | 1.2(1.0–1.4) | 1.1(0.9–1.2) | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dl | 23(17–32) | 16(12–20) | 20(15–26) | 18(14–24) | <0.001 |
| Medications and devices | |||||
| ACE-I or ARB, % | 93.4 | 94.8 | 93.3 | 97.2 | 0.140 |
| Beta-blocker, % | 95.0 | 95.8 | 95.2 | 93.9 | 0.787 |
| Loop diuretic, % | 81.0 | 81.9 | 78.0 | 69.5 | <0.001 |
| Digoxin, % | 49.5 | 43.2 | 43.5 | 49.6 | 0.118 |
| ICD, % | 53.3 | 15.7 | 39.6 | 37.4 | <0.001 |
| CRT, % | 25.2 | 4.5 | 14.7 | 19.1 | <0.001 |
| Resting ECG conduction | <0.001 | ||||
| Normal, % | 31.8 | 73.9 | 46.6 | 37.0 | |
| LBBB, % | 14.9 | 8.7 | 16.3 | 26.4 | |
| RBBB, % | 4.8 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 1.6 | |
| IVCD, % | 14.9 | 10.8 | 13.7 | 14.2 | |
| Paced, % | 33.6 | 3.8 | 19.2 | 20.7 |
Values are median(interquartile range), or %.
p values for the comparisons of variables across clusters.
ACE–I = angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; CCS = Canadian Cardiovascular Society; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy; ECG = electrocardiogram; HF, heart failure; ICD = implantable cardioverter–defibrillator; IVCD = intraventricular conduction delay; LBBB = left bundle branch block; MI = myocardial infarction; NYHA = New York Heart Association; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; PVD= peripheral vascular disease; RBBB = right bundle branch block.