TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Heart Failure Cohort (n = 720)
| Characteristic | Overall | TMAO <5 μM | TMAO ≥5 μM | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 66 ± 10 | 64 ± 11 | 68 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Male gender, % | 59 | 59 | 59 | 1.000 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 41 | 31 | 51 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 78 | 76 | 79 | 0.316 |
| Ischemic etiology, % | 64 | 63 | 65 | 0.673 |
| LV ejection fraction, % (units) | 35 (25–50) | 35 (25–51) | 40 (25–50) | 0.567 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.4 (25.1–33.1) | 28.7 (25.2–33.3) | 28.1 (24.8–32.9) | 0.298 |
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| ||||
| Baseline medications | ||||
| ACE inhibitors ARBs,(% | 69 | 71 | 66 | 0.206 |
| Beta-blockers, % | 69 | 73 | 65 | 0.031 |
| Loop diuretics, % | 59 | 53 | 65 | 0.001 |
| Statins, % | 61 | 66 | 57 | 0.013 |
| Aspirin, % | 64 | 66 | 63 | 0.505 |
|
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| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 91 (73–112) | 93 (75–113) | 88 (71–111) | 0.069 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 32 (26–40) | 34 (27–42) | 30 (25–38) | <0.001 |
| BNP, pg/ml | 294 (114–658) | 226 (96–498) | 358 (150–907) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP, mg/l | 3.9 (1.6–9.0) | 2.9 (1.3–8.1) | 3.4 (1.3–8.9) | 0.585 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 72 (56–87) | 83 (70–93) | 60 (44–74) | <0.001 |
| TMAO, mM | 5 (3.0–8.5) | 3 (2.2–4) | 8.5 (6.6–13.6) | <0.001 |
Values expressed in mean ± standard deviation, percentages, median (interquartile ranges).
Abbreviations: ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; eGFR = stimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; LV = left ventricular; TMAO = trimethylamine N-oxide.