Table 3.
Group differences on kindergarten cognitive tests and teacher ratings.
| Domain/test | EPT/ELBW Group Adj M (se) |
NBW Group Adj M (se) |
Group main Effect, F (df) |
p | ES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive tests: | |||||
| WJ-III BIA | 89.33 (1.75) | 104.35 (1.75) | F(1,212)=31.09 | <.001 | .82 |
| Shape School, Inhibition | 0.90 (0.03) | 1.06 (0.03) | F(1,207)=9.02 | .003 | .45 |
| Preschool Trials Test— Revised, Inhibition | 3.56 (0.45) | 6.05 (0.44) | F(1,200)= 13.49 | <.001 | .56 |
| Nebraska Barnyard | 4.85 (0.28) | 6.39 (0.27) | F(1,200)=13.33 | <.001 | .56 |
| Test of Inhibition and Attention, Go No-Go | 1.48 (0.10) | 2.34 (0.10) | F(1,212)=28.47 | <.001 | .79 |
| Test of Inhibition and Attention, CPT | 2.35 (0.12) | 3.43 (0.12) | F(1,212)=34.04 | <.001 | .87 |
| Teacher ratings: | |||||
| TRF Attention Problems | 56.62 (0.59) | 53.28 (0.59) | F(1,203)=15.86 | <.001 | .56 |
| TRF Externalizing | 51.95 (0.84) | 49.78 (0.83) | F(1,203)=3.35 | .069 | .26 |
| TRF Internalizing | 48.67 (0.84) | 45.36 (0.83) | F(1,203)=7.90 | .005 | .39 |
| BRIEF Behavior Regulation Index | 54.03 (1.22) | 50.89 (1.21) | F(1,205)=3.33 | .069 | .25 |
| BRIEF Metacognition Index | 58.62 (1.06) | 49.14 (1.05) | F(1,205)=40.13 | <.001 | .88 |
| SSBS-2, Social Competence | 50.23 (0.80) | 57.43 (0.80) | F(1,207)=40.38 | <.001 | .88 |
| SSBS-2, Antisocial Behavior | 46.11 (0.68) | 45.19 (0.67) | F(1,207)= .93 | .337 | .13 |
| Teacher rating of student learning progress in written language | 6.78 (0.27) | 8.93 (0.27) | F(1,205)=32.04 | <.001 | .78 |
| Teacher rating of student learning progress in mathematics | 4.96 (0.14) | 5.84 (0.14) | F(1,205)=20.44 | <.001 | .63 |
Note: See Table 2 for description of tests and scores. Statistics from group main effects were from analysis of covariance, controlling for sex, race, and SES. An additional covariate in analysis of the cognitive tests included age at testing (non-age-normed tests only) and weeks in kindergarten [23]. Children unable to perform a given test due to low cognitive functioning were assigned the lowest possible score [23].
Abbreviations: Adj M (se) = mean adjusted for covariates (standard error); ES: effect size = difference in means/pooled SD; WJ-III BIA: Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, 3rd Ed., Brief Intellectual Ability; CPT: Continuous Performance Test; TRF: Teacher’s Report Form; BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; SSBS-2: School Social Behavior Scales, 2nd Ed.