Table 2.
Active control conditions in yoga intervention studies that used at least one active control condition
| Number | Reasonable Effort to Control for Nonspecific Effects | Studies | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Exercise | 30 (43%) | ||
| Physical Exercise Program/Physical Therapy | 20 | Yes | 2, 3, 14, 38, 47, 52, 56, 57, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, |
| Sham yoga/stretching | 4 | Yes | 19, 35, 105, 124 |
| Walking | 4 | Mixed | 31, 46, 87, 108 |
| Bicycling | 1 | Yes | 125 |
| Sports Climbing | 1 | Yes | 126 |
| Relaxation and Meditation | 14 (20%) | ||
| Relaxation | 6 | Yes | 7, 45, 53, 32, 127, 128 |
| Meditation/Breath Awareness | 4 | Yes | 21, 28, 129, 130 |
| Progressive Muscle Relaxation | 3 | Yes | 131, 132, 133 |
| Brain Wave Vibration | 1 | Yes | 129 |
| Education | 11 (16%) | ||
| Education Materials | 3 | No | 14, 123, 134 |
| Education Group/Lecture | 3 | Mixed | 135, 136, 137 |
| Nutritional Counseling | 2 | Mixed | 65, 138 |
| Film Discussion | 2 | Yes | 22, 49 |
| Workshop Luncheons | 1 | No | 139 |
| Psychotherapy/Counseling | 8 (11%) | ||
| Psychotherapy Group (e.g., ACT, CBT) | 5 | Yes | 23, 24, 76, 136, 140 |
| Supportive Counseling | 3 | Mixed | 25, 37, 141 |
| Medical Intervention | 7 (10%) | ||
| Ayurveda | 2 | No | 26, 54 |
| Additional medical treatment (e.g., medication) | 3 | No | 27 (ECT), 27 (imipramine), 142 |
| Dietary change (salt reduction) | 2 | No | 87, 143 |