Table 1.
Differences in Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Between the Arm/Shoulder Pain Classes
| Characteristic | Mild Pain (1) 93 (40.4%) |
Moderate Pain (2) 137 (59.6%) |
Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
|
| |||
| Age (years) | 52.7 (9.7) | 52.9 (11.3) | t=−0.80, P=.423 |
|
| |||
| Education (years) | 16.3 (2.7) | 15.3 (2.7) | t=6.76, P<.001 |
|
| |||
| Karnofsky Performance Status score | 93.1 (10.0) | 89.3 (12.4) | t=2.46, P=.015 |
|
| |||
| Self-Administered Comorbidity Scale score | 3.8 (2.4) | 5.0 (3.1) | t=−3.24, P=.001 |
|
| |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3 (6.2) | 28.1 (6.9) | t=−1.92, P=.056 |
|
| |||
| % (N) | % (N) | ||
|
| |||
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | 68.8 (64) | 50.0 (68) | |
| Black | 7.5 (7) | 19.1 (26) | χ2=10.61, P=.014 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 14.0 (13) | 14.0 (19) | |
| Hispanic/Mixed Ethnic Background/Other | 9.7 (9) | 16.9 (23) | |
|
| |||
| Lives alone | |||
| Yes | 19.4 (18) | 24.6 (33) | FE, P=.419 |
| No | 80.6 (75) | 75.4 (101) | |
|
| |||
| Marital status | |||
| Married/partnered | 35.5 (33) | 43.0 (58) | FE, P=.274 |
| Single, separated, widowed, divorced | 64.5 (60) | 57.0 (77) | |
|
| |||
| Currently working for pay | |||
| Yes | 53.3 (49) | 43.1 (59) | FE, P=.139 |
| No | 46.7 (43) | 56.9 (78) | |
|
| |||
| Total annual household income | |||
| <$10,000 to $29,999 | 18.1 (15) | 29.9 (32) | |
| $30,000 to $99,999 | 34.9 (29) | 42.1 (45) | χ2=7.88, P=.019 |
| ≥$100,000 | 47.0 (39) | 28.0 (30) | |
|
| |||
| Occurrence of comorbid conditions | |||
| Depression | 14.0 (13) | 27.0 (37) | FE, P=.022 |
|
| |||
| Swelling in breast pre-operatively | |||
| Yes | 5.4 (5) | 13.9 (19) | FE, P=.048 |
| No | 94.6 (88) | 86.1 (118) | |
|
| |||
| Type of surgery | |||
| Breast conserving | 79.6 (74) | 74.5 (102) | FE, P=.429 |
| Mastectomy | 20.4 (19) | 25.5 (35) | |
|
| |||
| Sentinel lymph node biopsy | |||
| Yes | 86.0 (80) | 83.9 (115) | FE, P=.407 |
| No | 14.0 (13) | 16.1 (22) | |
|
| |||
| Axillary lymph node dissection | |||
| Yes | 47.3 (44) | 51.1 (70) | FE, P=.593 |
| No | 52.7 (49) | 48.9 (67) | |
|
| |||
| Received hormonal therapy during the 6 months | |||
| Yes | 45.2 (42) | 38.0 (52) | FE, P=.279 |
| No | 54.8 (51) | 62.0 (85) | |
|
| |||
| Received radiation therapy during the 6 months | |||
| Yes | 54.8 (51) | 54.7 (75) | FE, P=1.000 |
| No | 45.2 (42) | 45.3 (62) | |
|
| |||
| Received adjuvant chemotherapy during the 6 months | |||
| Yes | 38.7 (36) | 38.0 (52) | FE, P=1.000 |
| No | 61.3 (57) | 62.0 (85) | |
|
| |||
| Occurrence of lymphedema | 15.1 (14) | 29.4 (40) | FE, P=.017 |
Abbreviations: FE = Fisher’s Exact; kg/m2 = kilograms per meter squared; SD = standard deviation