Table 2. Risk of Heart Failure in Relation to Individual Lifestyle Factors, Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

	No. of cases	Person-years	Crude Incidence rate/1000 person-years	Model 1* HR (95% CI)	P value for trendł	Model 2† HR (95% CI)	P value for trend‡
AHEI
Quintile 1	499	178,032	2.80	Referent	<0.001	Referent	0.001
Quintile 2	411	183,884	2.24	0.83 (0.73,0.95)		0.85 (0.74,0.97)
Quintile 3	350	188,254	1.86	0.76 (0.66,0.87)		0.81 (0.70,0.93)
Quintile 4	321	191,496	1.68	0.72 (0.62,0.83)		0.76 (0.65,0.88)
Quintile 5	245	194,954	1.26	0.60 (0.51,0.70)		0.61 (0.52,0.73)
Physical Activity
Inactive	386	117,311	3.29	Referent	0.008	Referent	0.06
Somewhat active	614	285,095	2.15	0.77 (0.67,0.87)		0.77 (0.67,0.87)
Active	826	534,214	1.55	0.66 (0.58,0.75)		0.69 (0.61,0.79)
BMI
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2	752	223,128	3.37	Referent	0.008	Referent	0.1
25 ≤ BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2	557	322,941	1.72	0.50 (0.45,0.56)		0.56 (0.50,0.63)
18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2	517	390,552	1.32	0.43 (0.38,0.48)		0.51 (0.45,0.57)
Smoking
Current smoker	174	52,182	3.33	Referent	<0.001	Referent	<0.001
Past smoker	820	407,776	2.01	0.52 (0.44,0.62)		0.56 (0.47,0.66)
Never smoker	832	476,663	1.75	0.42 (0.35,0.49)		0.46 (0.39,0.55)

abbreviations: AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; BMI, body mass index

^*Model 1 adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and all other healthy lifestyle factors

^†Model 2 adjusted for model 1 covariates, marital status, education, U.S. region, and antecedent: coronary heart disease, treated diabetes, and hypertension

^‡test for linear trend