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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2014 Oct 16;25(1):46–54.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.10.011

Table 5.

Adjusted estimates for selected clinical measures and early pregnancy drinkinga

Major congenital
malformationsb 		Apgar 5 Min (<7) Ventilation/CPAPc NICUd Jaundice Birth Lengthe Head
Circumferencee
Outcome n (%): 190 (4.4) 41 (1.0) 139 (3.3) 519 (12.3) 1230 (28.8) 338 (8.0) 576 (14.0)
Adjusted estimates: aOR 95% CI aOR 95% CI aOR 95% CI aOR 95% CI aOR 95% CI aOR 95% CI aOR 95% CI
Month 1 drinking
    None 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
    < 0.10 oz AA/day 0.78 0.40–1.50 1.61 0.67–3.84 1.43 0.89–2.31 1.12 0.86–1.46 1.17 0.97–1.42 1.10 0.78–1.54 1.08 0.83–1.42
    0.10<0.25oz AA/day 1.20 0.65–2.22 - NAC 0.28 0.07–1.19 0.67 0.41–1.09 0.87 0.64–1.20 0.71 0.38–1.32 0.78 0.49–1.25
    ≥0.25 oz AA/day 1.15 0.77–1.71 2.32 0.86–6.28 2.10 1.16–3.79 1.25 0.87–1.79 1.01 0.79–1.37 0.70 0.41–1.20 0.83 0.56–1.24
First Trimester drinking
    Abstinent 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
    1st month only 1.07 0.73–1.57 1.12 0.47–2.66 1.27 0.81–2.00 1.08 0.84–1.38 1.01 0.85–1.21 0.92 0.67–1.27 0.99 0.77–1.28
    Drinking months 1–3 1.28 0.83–1.96 1.28 0.48–3.43 1.12 0.64–1.97 0.96 0.70–1.31 1.09 0.88–1.35 0.56 0.36–0.87 0.69 0.50–0.96
Drinking up to baseline interview
    Abstinent 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
    Drinking 1.17 0.86–1.60 1.19 0.59–2.40 1.23 0.84–1.80 0.99 0.81–1.23 1.06 0.92–1.23 0.74 0.56–0.97 0.81 0.66–1.01
a

Adjusted models included investigation of the following potential confounders and risk factors: parity, maternal age, education, BMI, marital status, ethnicity, caffeine, smoking, exercise, work, prenatal and multivitamin use, passive smoke exposure, marijuana use, cocaine use, study cohort, preterm labor, respiratory problem, infant gender, bleeding, nausea/vomiting, hypertension, incompetent cervix, placental problems, sexually transmitted disease, induction/augmentation, maternal asthma, gestational diabetes. Total observations included in adjusted multivariable models: Month 1 across (n=4047; n=4017; n=3988; n=3983; n=3999; n=3985; n=3892); First trimester across (n=4009; n=3979; n=3950; n=3945; n=3961; n=3947; n=3856); Drinking to baseline interview, across (n=4066; n=4036; n=4007; n=4002; n=4018; n=4003; n=3910)

b

Based on definition of major congenital malformations 28

c

Includes both ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

d

Includes NICU observation and admission

e

10th percentile based on CDC 2000 growth standards 27

NAC=Not able to calculate