TABLE 3.

Examples of basic methods at the individual level (adapted from Bartholomew et al., ²⁰¹¹, pp. 327–329)

Methods and definitions	Parameters for use	Examples
Tailoring
Matching the intervention or components to previously measured characteristics of the participant.	Tailoring variables or factors related to behavior change (such as stage) or to relevance (such as culture or socioeconomic status).	A patient educator motivates her patients to engage in vigorous physical activity by giving different messages based on the stage of change of each patient, for example developing an action plan for those in action.
Modeling
Providing an appropriate model being reinforced for the desired action.	Attention, remembrance, self-efficacy and skills, reinforcement of model, identification with model, coping model instead of mastery model.	The health promoter finds a role model from the at-risk group who will encourage identification and serve as a coping model: “I tried to quit smoking several times and was not successful, then I tried … Now I have been off cigarettes for … ”
Facilitation
Creating an environment that makes the action easier or reduces barriers to action.	Requires real changes in the environment; identification of barriers and facilitators; power for making changes; and usually intervention at a higher environmental level to facilitate conditions on a lower level.	A program that targets improvement in drug users' self-efficacy for using clean needles must also facilitate accessibility of clean needles.