Consciousness raising |
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Providing information, feedback, or confrontation about the causes, consequences, and alternatives for a problem or a problem behavior. |
Can use feedback and confrontation; however, raising awareness must be quickly followed by increase in problem-solving ability and (collective) self-efficacy. |
An HIV counselor reminds a person of recent episodes of failure to use condoms when having sex and the potential consequences of that behavior on significant others. |
Personalize risk |
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Providing information about personal costs or risks of action or inaction with respect to target behavior. |
Present messages as individual and undeniable, and compare them with absolute and normative standard. |
Individuals receive personal risk feedback on their fat intake, indicating whether it is higher than their self-rated level. |
Scenario-based risk information |
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Providing information that may aid the construction of an image of the ways in which a future loss or accident might occur. |
Plausible scenario with a cause and an outcome; imagery. Most effective when people generate their own scenario or when multiple scenarios are provided. |
Peer models in an HIV-prevention program present a series of scenarios in which they describe how they found themselves in risky situations, for example, a sexual relationship over the summer holidays. |