TABLE 4.

Examples of methods to change awareness and risk perception (adapted from Bartholomew et al., ²⁰¹¹, pp. 333–334)

Methods and definitions	Parameters for use	Examples
Consciousness raising
Providing information, feedback, or confrontation about the causes, consequences, and alternatives for a problem or a problem behavior.	Can use feedback and confrontation; however, raising awareness must be quickly followed by increase in problem-solving ability and (collective) self-efficacy.	An HIV counselor reminds a person of recent episodes of failure to use condoms when having sex and the potential consequences of that behavior on significant others.
Personalize risk
Providing information about personal costs or risks of action or inaction with respect to target behavior.	Present messages as individual and undeniable, and compare them with absolute and normative standard.	Individuals receive personal risk feedback on their fat intake, indicating whether it is higher than their self-rated level.
Scenario-based risk information
Providing information that may aid the construction of an image of the ways in which a future loss or accident might occur.	Plausible scenario with a cause and an outcome; imagery. Most effective when people generate their own scenario or when multiple scenarios are provided.	Peer models in an HIV-prevention program present a series of scenarios in which they describe how they found themselves in risky situations, for example, a sexual relationship over the summer holidays.