TABLE 5.

Examples of methods to change skills, capability, and self-efficacy and to overcome barriers (adapted from Bartholomew et al., ²⁰¹¹, pp. 342–344)

Methods and definitions	Parameters for use	Examples
Cue altering
Teaching changing a stimulus, either consciously or unconsciously perceived, that elicits or signals a behavior.	Existing positive intention.	Dieters change the route they take, walking to work in order to avoid easy access to snack shops.
Goal setting
Prompting planning what the person will do, including a definition of goal-directed behaviors that result in the target behavior.	Commitment to the goal; goals that are difficult but available within the individual's skill level.	Dietician and patient discuss the weight loss goal for the next meeting, deciding on a goal that is acceptable to the patient and to the dietician.
Planning coping responses
Prompting participants to list potential barriers and ways to overcome these.	Identification of high-risk situations and practice of coping response.	The HIV nurse and the patient define the causes of nonadherence. Then the HIV nurse and the patient formulate solutions to solve or avoid the causes for nonadherence.