Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and parameters
| Category | Intensive Education (n=119) | Conventional Education (n=126) | Total (n=245) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics and lifestyle | ||||
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age (yr) | 48.2±12.2 | 50.7±14.3 | 49.5±13.3 | 0.14a |
| Men | 57 (47.9) | 65 (51.6) | 122 (49.8) | 0.61b |
| Weight (kg) | 68.1±13.5 | 67.5±13.5 | 67.8±13.5 | 0.74a |
| Height (cm) | 163.8±8.9 | 162.8±8.9 | 163.3±8.9 | 0.99a |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.0±11.0 | 130.8±12.4 | 130.9±11.8 | 0.88a |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.7±8.2 | 79.2±9.9 | 79.4±9.1 | 0.65a |
| Pulse rate (beats/min) | 77.5±11.5 | 77.0±12.5 | 77.2±12.0 | 0.72a |
| Menopause in women | 34 (44.2) | 36 (50.7) | 70 (47.3) | 0.51b |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Smoker: never/ex/current | 89 (74.8)/20 (16.8)/10 (8.4) | 83 (65.9)/24 (19.0)/19 (15.1) | 172 (70.2)/44 (18.0)/29 (11.8) | 0.21b |
| Smoking amount (pack-yr) | 0.0 (0.0–1.5) | 0.0 (0.0–6.5) | 0.0 (0.0–4.0) | 0.28c |
| Drinker: never/ex/current | 66 (55.5)/9 (7.6)/44 (37.0) | 61 (48.4)/12 (9.5)/53 (42.1) | 127 (51.8)/21 (8.6)/97 (39.6) | 0.53b |
| Drinking amount (bottle/wk) | 0.0 (0.0–0.5) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) | 0.36c |
| Exercise | 51 (42.9) | 77 (61.1) | 128 (52.2) | 0.005b |
| Exercise amount (min/wk) | 0.0 (0.0–180.0) | 120.0 (0.0–240.0) | 60.0 (0.0–210.0) | 0.001c |
| Blood and urine measurements | ||||
| Blood measurements | ||||
| White blood cells (per mm3) | 6270 (5200–7380) | 6225 (5118–7038) | 6250 (5130–7225) | 0.29c |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 14.2 (12.7–15.4) | 13.8 (12.7–15.0) | 14.1 (12.7–15.0) | 0.27c |
| Hematocrit | 41.3 (38.3–44.2) | 40.2 (37.7–43.5) | 41.0 (38.0–43.8) | 0.26c |
| Platelet (×1000/mm3) | 235 (204–277) | 225.0 (194.8–277.0) | 230 (199–277) | 0.33c |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 15.0 (12.0–20.0) | 17.0 (14.0–21.0) | 16.0 (13.0–20.0) | 0.01c |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.05 (0.83–1.31) | 1.08 (0.84–1.48) | 1.06 (0.84–1.40) | 0.39c |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2)d | 68.4±23.6 | 66.2±25.6 | 67.3±24.6 | 0.47a |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 179 (159–204) | 179 (156–203) | 179 (158–203) | 0.82c |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 6.0 (4.9–7.6) | 6.3 (5.0–7.8) | 6.2 (5.0–7.6) | 0.43c |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 21 (18–28) | 22 (19–26) | 22 (18–28) | 0.37c |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 20 (15–29) | 20 (16–27) | 20 (15–28) | 0.79c |
| Na+ (mEq/L) | 141 (139–142) | 141 (139–142) | 141 (139–142) | 0.61c |
| K+ (mEq/L) | 4.4 (4.1–4.6) | 4.4 (4.1–4.6) | 4.4 (4.1–4.6) | 0.44c |
| Cl− (mEq/L) | 104 (103–106) | 104 (103–106) | 104 (103–106) | 0.79c |
| Total carbon dioxide (mEq/L) | 26.0 (24.3–28.9) | 26.1 (24.5–28.0) | 26.0 (24.5–28.1) | 0.74c |
| Urine measurements | ||||
| Random urine Na+ (mEq/L) | 90.3±43.1 | 85.9±40.8 | 88.0±41.9 | 0.41a |
| 24-h Urine Na+ (mEq/d) | 154.5±69.6 | 155.8±70.6 | 155.2±70.0 | 0.89a |
| Random urine K+ (mEq/L) | 56.0±27.4 | 57.4±31.6 | 56.7±29.6 | 0.71a |
| 24-h Urine K+ (mEq/d) | 53.1±21.4 | 55.5±22.3 | 54.4±21.9 | 0.39a |
| Random urine creatinine (mg/dl) | 114.4 (78.5–181.0) | 118.0 (79.9–163.0) | 115.9 (79.7–174.6) | 0.57c |
| 24-h Urine creatinine (mg/d) | 1160 (930–1488) | 1184 (927–1520) | 1170 (929–1500) | 0.93c |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g creatinine) | 454.8 (135.7–890.7) | 394.1 (199.8–919.6) | 396.2 (166.0–899.0) | 0.70c |
| 24-h Urine albumin (mg/d) | 715.2 (259.4–1348.5) | 507.9 (230.3–1285.7) | 566.0 (248.0–1286.9) | 0.41c |
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | 82.0±31.9 | 79.7±36.1 | 80.8±34.1 | 0.61a |
| Comorbidities and medications | ||||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 119 (100.0) | 125 (100.0) | 245 (100.0) | >0.99b |
| Dyslipidemia | 66 (56.4) | 69 (58.5) | 135 (57.4) | 0.79b |
| Angina | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) | 0.37b |
| Stroke | 2 (1.7) | 4 (3.2) | 6 (2.4) | 0.68b |
| Medications | ||||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 7 (5.9) | 10 (7.9) | 17 (6.9) | 0.62b |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 94 (79.0) | 91 (72.2) | 185 (75.5) | 0.24b |
| β-Blocker | 25 (21.0) | 23 (18.3) | 48 (19.6) | 0.63b |
| Calcium channel blocker | 64 (53.8) | 67 (53.2) | 131 (53.5) | >0.99b |
| Diuretics | 13 (10.9) | 15 (11.9) | 28 (11.4) | 0.84b |
| Other hypertension medications | 9 (7.6) | 9 (7.1) | 18 (7.3) | >0.99b |
| Statin | 60 (50.4) | 60 (47.6) | 120 (49.0) | 0.70b |
| Fibrates | 3 (2.5) | 2 (1.6) | 5 (2.0) | 0.68b |
| Omega-3 | 29 (24.4) | 33 (26.2) | 62 (25.3) | 0.77b |
| Other dyslipidemia medications | 12 (10.1) | 7 (5.6) | 19 (7.8) | 0.23b |
| Aspirin | 37 (31.1) | 42 (33.3) | 79 (32.2) | 0.79b |
| Clopidogrel | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.4) | 4 (1.6) | 0.62b |
| Cilostazol | 3 (2.5) | 5 (4.0) | 8 (3.3) | 0.72b |
| Other antiplatelet agents | 11 (9.2) | 15 (11.9) | 26 (10.6) | 0.54b |
| Steroids | 3 (2.5) | 4 (3.2) | 7 (2.9) | >0.99b |
| Immunosuppressive agents | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.4) | 4 (1.6) | 0.62b |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 5 (4.2) | 3 (2.4) | 8 (3.3) | 0.49b |
| Hormone replacement therapy in women | 2 (2.7) | 2 (2.9) | 4 (2.8) | >0.99b |
Data are presented as means±SDs, medians (interquartile ranges), or number (percentage).
a
P value estimated by independent t test.
b
P value estimated by χ2 test.
c
P value estimated by Mann–Whitney U test.
d
eGFR was calculated using the Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry traceable modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (milliliters per minute per 1.73 m2).