Table 3.
Overview of macromorphological characters for the identification of Talaromyces species.
| Species name | Ascomata | Growth rate (mm) |
CYA reverse | CYA soluble pigment | MEA colony texture | Acid production on CREA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CYA | CYA (37 °C) | MEA | ||||||
| T. aculeatus | Absent | 25–35 | 15–20 | 30–35 | Light brown (7D4–7D5) at the centre fading into greyish yellow (4A3–4B3) | Absent | Floccose to funiculose | Weak |
| T. aerugineus | Absent | 26–27 | 35 | 49–50 | Dark green (26F5) centre fading into greyish green (26B5–26B5) | Absent | Loosely funiculose to velvety | Absent (no growth) |
| T. albobiverticillius | Absent | 15–20 | No growth | 25–28 | Greyish red to reddish brown (9C5–9F8) | Red (in some isolates absent) | Velvety | Absent |
| T. allahabadensis | Absent | 20–25 | 23–25 | 20–23 | Orange to greyish orange (5A6–5B6) in the centre fading into light yellow to greyish yellow (4A5–4B5) | Absent | Velvety | Present |
| T. amestolkiae | Absent | 30–32 | 8–15 | 30–45 | Violet brown (11E8–11F8) | Very weak brownish red, in some strains absent | Floccose and overlaying funiculose | Weak |
| T. angelicus | Absent | 25–27 | 25–27 | 33–35 | Greyish red (7B3) centre fading into yellowish white (4A2) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (in some isolates very weak) |
| T. apiculatus | Absent | 38–41 | 25–35 | 40–42 | Greyish yellow (3B3) to yellowish white (3A2) | Absent | Floccose to strongly funiculose | Weak |
| T. assiutensis | Present | 15–21 | 25–30 | 20–23 | Pale orange to brownish orange (5A3–5C5) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. atricola | Absent | 10 | No growth | 15 | Yellowish white to yellowish grey (4A2–4A3) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. atroroseus | Absent | 28–40 | 23–25 | 30–35 | Reddish brown (9E8) | Red | Velvety and floccose | Absent |
| T. aurantiacus | Absent | 30–32 | 19–21 | 38–40 | Pastel red (7A4) fading into orange white (6A2) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. austrocalifornicus | Present | 10–11 | 10–11 | 16–18 | Orange white to pale orange (5A2–5A3) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. bacillisporus | Present | 10–15 | 33–37 | 15–20 | Dull green (28F4) fading into greyish yellow to olive brown (4C5–4D5) (at 30 and 37 °C reverse dark green (25F4)) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. bohemicus | Absent | Unknown | Unknown | 40 (after 10 d) | Unknown | Unknown | Floccose and loosely funiculose | Unknown |
| T. boninensis | Present | 28 | Unknown | 30 | Yellowish brown (5E5) centre fading into golden yellow (5B7) | Absent | Velvety and floccose | Unknown |
| T. brunneus | Absent | 19–20 | No growth | 17–19 | Yellowish brown (5E5) centre fading into golden yellow (5B7) | Absent | Velvety and floccose | Present |
| T. calidicanius | Absent | 27–30 | No growth | 47–48 | Greyish yellow to olive brown (4C5–4D5) | Absent | Synnematous | Present |
| T. cecidicola | Absent | 33–34 | 2–3 | 37–38 | Dark brown to violet brown (8F8–10F8) | Absent | Funiculose | Absent |
| T. chloroloma | Absent | 40–45 | 0–4 | 45–48 | Centre greyish orange (5B3), fading into dull greyish yellow (3B3) | Absent | Floccose and loosely funiculose | Moderate |
| T. cinnabarinus | Present | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| T. cnidii | Absent | 25–30 | 20–28 | 38–40 | Violet brown (11E8) fading into vivid red (11A8) | Red to yellow | Velvety and floccose | Absent |
| T. coalescens | Absent | 32–34 | 2–4 | 43–45 | Dark brown to violet brown (8F8–10F8) | Red | Funiculose | Very weak |
| T. columbinus | Absent | 13–14 | 42–43 | 20–21 | Dark brown fading into beige (8F8) | Light brownish orange | Velvety and floccose | Absent |
| T. convolutus | Present | 10–12 | 6–8 | 13–15 | Orange white to pale orange (5A2–5A3) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. dendriticus | Absent | 23–26 | 5–6 | 35–36 | Dark brown (6F6), fading into light brown (6D6) and light yellow (2A5) | Absent | Funiculose and synnematous | Absent |
| T. derxii | Present | 38–40 | 35–38 | 48–50 | Dark green (25F5) centre for both fading into light yellow (4A4) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. diversus | Absent | 7–10 | 5–8 | 25–35 | Blond to brownish orange (4C4–5C4) | Absent | Velvety | Absent (no growth) |
| T. duclauxii | Absent | 25–27 | 3–4 | 48–50 | Olive brown (4E8) fading into olive brown (4D7) and maize yellow (4A6) | Yellow | Synnematous | Weak |
| T. emodensis | Present | 8–10 | 4–6 | 8–10 | Brownish red to reddish brown (8C8–8D8) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. erythromellis | Absent | 10–11 | No growth | 10–11 | Dark red to brownish red (10C8–10D8) | Absent | Loosely funiculose | Absent |
| T. euchlorocarpius | Present | 15–18 | No growth | 38–40 | Reddish golden (6C7) centre fading into golden yellow (5B7) and deep yellow (4A8) | Yellow to orange yellow | Loosely funiculose and floccose | Absent |
| T. flavovirens | Present | 19–20 | 5–6 | 37–38 | Brown (7E6) centre fading into greyish yellow (2B6) | Yellow | Velvety after 2 wk, covered with yellow mycelia | Absent |
| T. flavus | Present | 9–10 | 19–20 | 31–32 | Brownish orange (5C6) fading into light yellow (3A5) | Yellow | Floccose | Absent |
| T. funiculosus | Absent | (30–)38–45 | 38–50 | 30–45 | Light orange to greyish orange (5A4–5B4) | Absent (in some isolates light red) | Stringly funiculose | Present |
| T. galapagensis | Present | 15–17 | 25–26 | 25–28 | Dark brown (6F6) centre fading into yellowish white (3A2) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. hachijoensis | Present | 3 | No growth | 8–10 | Brownish orange (5C6) | Unknown | Velvety to floccose | Unknown |
| T. helicus | Present | 13–23 | 10–18 | 25–33 | Yellowish brown (5E4) centre fading into greyish orange (5B3) and yellowish white (4A2) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. indigoticus | Present | 20–21 | 20–22 | 32–33 | Pale orange (5A3) centre fading into yellowish white (4A2) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. intermedius | Present | 15–16 | No growth | 48–50 | Greyish yellow (3B4) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. islandicus | Absent | 20–27 | 8–17 | 21–26 | Reverse colouration brown (7E4) in the centre fading into light yellow to light orange (4A4–5A4) | Absent | Velvety and lossely funiculose | Present |
| T. liani | Present | 20–30 | 20–25 | 35–45 | Light orange and light yellow (5A5–4A5) | Absent (in some isolates yellow) | Velvety and floccose | Absent (in some isolates very weak) |
| T. loliensis | Absent | 10–13 | No growth | 13–15 | Centre deep yellow to deep orange (4A8–5A8) fading into light yellow to yellow (3A5–3A6) | Weak yellow | Floccose and loosely funiculose | Absent to very weak |
| T. macrosporus | Present | 22–28 | 28–35 | 40–50 | Yellowish brown (5E7–5F7) centre fading into brownish yellow to golden yellow (5C7–5B7) | Absent (at 30 and 37 °C brownish soluble pigment) | Floccose | Absent |
| T. marneffei | Absent | 13–25 | 5–10 | 15–27 | Reddish brown (9E8) fading into red (9A6) | Red | Loosely funiculose and floccose | Absent |
| T. mimosinus | Present | 12–15 | 3–5 | 13–14 | Light yellow (3A5) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. minioluteus | Absent | 17–18 | No growth | 21–22 | Brown (6E8) centre fading into brownish orange to light brown (6C8–6D8) | Weak brownish red | Loosely funiculose and floccose | Absent |
| T. muroii | Present | 15–16 | 19–20 | 30–32 | Reddish brown (8E7) fading into brownish red (7C7–8C7) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. oumae-annae | Absent | 16–18 | 10–11 | 29–30 | Greyish green (29B6–29C6) | Yellow | Velvety and floccose | Absent |
| T. palmae | Absent | 20–25 | No growth | 22–26 | Pastel yellow to greyish yellow (2A4–2B4) | Absent | Velvety and in the margins synnematous | Weak |
| T. panamensis | Absent | 23–24 | No growth | 28–30 | Brownish orange to yellowish brown (5C6–5D6) | Absent | Synnematous | Present |
| T. paucisporus | Present | 15–18 (after 14 d) | No growth | 19–20 (after 14 d) | Violet brown (11E8) | Violet brown | Velvety to tomentose | Unknown |
| T. piceus | Absent | 20–27 | 30–35 | 25–27 | Brown (6E6) | Light brown | Loosely funiculose to floccose | Absent |
| T. pinophilus | Absent | 18–25 | 25–40 | 30–40 | Greyish orange to orange (6B6–6B7) centre fading into pastel yellow (3A4) | Yellow, in some strains absent | Loosely funiculose to floccose | Moderate |
| T. pittii | Absent | 34–36 | No growth | 42–44 | Reddish brown (8E7) at centre, fading into brownish red (8C6) | Red | Yeast like slimy colonies, after 2 wk floccose and synnematous | Absent |
| T. primulinus | Absent | 5–6 | No growth | 20–25 | Some isolates brownish orange to reddish brown (7C5–8C5) and in some isolates greenish grey to greyish green (1D2–1D3) | Absent | Floccose after 2 wk covered with yellow mycelia | Absent |
| T. proteolyticus | Absent | 20–22 | No growth | 20–21 | Centre greyish red (9B5) fading into between light yellow (4A4) and light orange (5A4) | Absent | Floccose | Moderate |
| T. pseudostromaticus | Absent | 25–34 | No growth | 38–43 | Dark brown (7F8–8F8) | Absent | Velvety and loosely funiculose, after 2 wk synnematous | Absent |
| T. ptychoconidium | Absent | 8–16 | 5–12 | 12–23 | Centre light brown (5D4) fading into light yellow (3A5) | Absent | Loosely funiculose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. purpureus | Present | 2–4 | No growth | 15–16 | Creamish beige | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. purpurogenus | Absent | 20–25 | 16–25 | 30–45 | Dark brown to violet brown (9F8–11F8) | Red | Velvety and floccose | Absent |
| T. rademirici | Absent | 5–6 | 3 | 14–15 | Pigmentation yellowish white (4A2) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. radicus | Absent | 15–22 | 25–30 | 15–25 | Yellowish brown (5E6–5F6) | Absent | Loosely funiculose to floccose | Absent |
| T. ramulosus | Absent | 32–40 | 5–8 | 45–48 | Dark brown (6F4–6F7) | Absent | Funiculose and synnematous | Absent |
| T. rotundus | Present | 9–11 | No growth | 15–17 | Greyish green (27E5) circle at centre fading into greenish grey (1B2 | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. ruber | Absent | 20–35 | 14–18 | 35–40 | Brownish red (8E8–8F8) | Very weak red, in some strains absent | Velvety | Absent |
| T. rubicundus | Absent | 30–32 | 34–35 | 38–39 | Brownish orange (5C5) centre fading into orange white (5A2) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. rugulosus | Absent | 15–17 | No growth | 17–20 | Yellowish brown (5E4–5F4) fading into light yellow to greyish yellow (2A5–2B5 to 1A5–1B5) | Absent | Velvety | Absent to very weak |
| T. ryukyuensis | Present | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| T. sayulitensis | Absent | 24–29 | 32–40 | 37–40 | Brown (6E6) in the centre, fading into brownish orange (6C7) and light yellow (4A5) | Absent | Loosely funiculose to floccose | Present |
| T. scorteus | Absent | 8–16 | No growth | 10–15 | Centre olive (2E4) centre fading into greyish yellow to olive (2C4–2D4) | Absent | Velvety | Absent |
| T. siamensis | Absent | 20–22 | 15 | 32–33 | Blond to greyish yellow (4C4) | Absent | Velvety | Absent |
| T. solicola | Absent | 12–13 | No growth | 22–23 | Reddish brown to dark brown (9E6–9F6) | Absent | Velvety and floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. stipitatus | Present | 32–38 | 28–32 | 45–48 | Dark brown (6F6), fading into reddish golden brownish orange to light brown (6C7–6D7) | Yellow to orangish yellow | Floccose | Weak |
| T. stollii | Absent | 38–45 | 25–35 | 45–50 | Brownish red (8E8–8F8) | Red, in some strains absent | Floccose and lossely funiculose | Present |
| T. subinflatus | Present | 3–4 | No growth | 14–15 | Yellowish white (4A2) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. tardifaciens | Present | 9–10 | No growth | 13–15 | Centre light orange (5A5–5A6) fading into greyish yellow (4C4) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. thailandensis | Present | 33–35 | No growth | 30–35 | Yellowish red to red (8A6–9A6) centre with red (9B7) dots | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. trachyspermus | Present | 13–24 | 32–40 | 17–25 | Light orange (5A5) fading into light yellow to yellow (3A5–3A6) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. tratensis | Present | 10–12 | No growth | 15–20 | Greyish yellow (4A5–4A6) to brownish orange (6C8) | Yellow and in some isolates absent | Loosely funiculose to floccose | Absent |
| T. ucrainicus | Present | 10–20 | 7–17 | 18–24 | Olive to olive brown to brownish orange (1F6–4E5–5C5) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. udagawae | Present | 6–8 | No growth | 10–11 | Pale orange to light orange (5A3–5A4) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. unicus | Present | 10.5–16 | No growth | 15–19.5 | Reddish white to violet brown (7A2–11E8) | Pale red to reddish brown | Floccose to funiculose | Unknown |
| T. varians | Absent | 22–24 | 27–28 | 30–32 | Dark green (27F6) centre fading into dull green (7D3) fading into pale orange to light orange (5A3–5A4) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. verruculosus | Absent | 32–35 | 25–26 | 35–36 | Greyish yellow to greyish orange (4C4–5C4) | Absent | Floccose and loosely funiculose | Weak |
| T. viridis | Present | 9 | 10–11 | 15 | Greyish green (1C3) centre fading into yellowish white (4A2) | Absent | Floccose | Absent (no growth) |
| T. viridulus | Absent | 12–15 | 6–7 | 37–38 | Brownish red (9C7) centre fading into pale yellow (3A3) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |
| T. wortmannii | Present | 18–28 | 0–7 | 15–25 | Reddish yellow (4A6) to greyish yellow (3B4–3C4) | Absent | Velvety | Absent to moderate |
| T. yelensis | Absent | 20–22 | 25–26 | 15–16 | Yellowish white (2A2) to light yellow (3A5) to brown (5F6) | Absent | Floccose | Absent |