Table 4.
Overview of studies of kiss in vertebrate development.
| RFa (and/or receptors) | Species | Method | Antibody | Embryonic stages | Location of peptide/mRNA in early developing CNS | Putative functions in early development | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kiss | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | qPCR, kiss treatment, electrophysiology | – | 1–7 dpf | Kiss1 and 2 mRNA detectable in brain from 1 dpf, increasing during development | Kiss1 stimulates GnRH neuron development, Kiss2 involved in development of trigeminal neurons | (118) |
| Kiss | Zebrafish | qPCR | – | 1, 3, 7, 30, 45 dpf, adult | kiss1 and kiss2 detected from 1 dpf | – | (110) |
| GPR54 | Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) | qPCR | – | Post hatching-adult | gpr54 present at all stages | – | (111) |
| Kiss and receptors | Medaka (Oryzias latipes) | qPCR+ knockdown | – | From fertilization to newly hatched | – | Essential for brain and eye development | (109) |
| Kiss | Rat | qPCR, ISH ir, BrdU birth dating | Pol sheep anti-kiss (N-ter) AC067 | Embryonic rats from E11.5 to E21.5 | Kiss1 neurons in arcuate nucleus born from E12.5 | Involved in embryonic activation of the hypothalamic–hypophyseal–gonadal axis | (123) |
| Kiss | Rat | ISH | – | Post-natal (neonate to adult) | Anteroventral periventricular nucleus (P7 in males, P21 in females), arcuate nucleus (P3) | – | (131) |
| Kiss | Rat | ISH | – | Post-natal (P0–P19) | Anterior hyp (P11), arcuate nucleus (P0) | Role in sexual differentiation of neonatal brain | (130) |
| Kiss | Rat | Kiss stimulation (in vivo and ex vivo) | – | Post-natal | – | Stimulating GnRH release in neonatals (5P) | (126) |
| Kiss + GPR54 | Rat | qPCR on hyp | – | Post-natal (P1–75) + adults | Kiss and Gpr54 present at all stages | – | (138) |
| Kiss + GPR54 | Mouse | Transgenic mice | – | E12.5, E13.5, E14.5, and E16.5 | Kiss: arcuate nucleus in hyp (E13.5), Gpr54: restricted to GnRH-neurons in anterior forebrain (E13.5-post-natal) | Regulating fetal GnRH activity? | (124) |
| Kiss + GPR54 | Mouse | RT-PCR, kiss treatment++ | E12.5, E13.5, E14.5, and E15.5 | Kiss1: mediobasal hyp (E13.5), Gpr54: preoptic area (E13.5) | Stimulates GnRH neurite growth | (107) | |
| Kiss + GPR54 | Mouse | ISH, qPCR, ir | Pol 1:10000 rabbit anti-rodent-kiss 1 (139) | E13, E15, E17 to P35 | Kiss1: near median eminence (E13); preoptic periventricular nucleus (P12), Gpr54: from nasal compartment to forebrain in migrating GnRH-neurons (E13) | Involved in sexual differentiation of the brain during embryonic development? | (132) |
| GPR54 | Mouse | ISH, single cell qPCR, Ca2+ imaging | – | E12.5, E13.5, E14.5, E17.5, and adult | In GnRH-cells in nasal region and nasal forebrain junction (E13.5) | – | (122) |
| Kiss | Mouse | ir | Pol 1:5000 rabbit anti-kisspeptin-10 (no. 566) (139) | Post-natal-adults (P10–P61) | Anteroventral periventricular nucleus, preoptic periventricular nucleus in hyp (P25) and arcuate nucleus in hyp at all stages | Kiss neurons in anteroventral periventricular nucleus and preoptic periventricular nucleus in hyp involved in the sexually differentiated functioning of GnRH-neurons | (127) |
| Kiss | Mouse | ISH | – | Post-natal (P1–P16) | Anteroventral periventricular nucleus and preoptic periventricular nucleus in hyp from P10 | Involved in the sexually differentiated functioning of GnRH-neurons | (129) |
| Kiss | Mouse | ir | Pol 1:10000 rabbit anti-kisspeptin-10 (no. 566) (139) | Post-natal (P15–P30) + adults | Preoptic periventricular nucleus in hyp from P15 | – | (128) |
The brain areas are in general named according to the original article. dpf, days post-fertilization; E, embryonic day; hpf, hours post-fertilization; hyp, hypothalamus; ir, immunoreactivity; ISH, in situ hybridization; P, post-natal day; Pol, polyclonal; qPCR, quantitative PCR; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR; tel, telencephalon.