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. 2014 Nov 4;2(11):e12185. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12185

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© 2014 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Scheme for intervention times and experimental methods. (A) Treatment protocols for mouse groups: gray, operant conditioning; black, tail suspension (TS); open, normal housing; black arrowhead, stand‐up exercise (SE) training. (B) During SE training, mice were administered 5‐ethynyl‐2’‐deoxyuridine on day 0, 1, or 2 of the SE‐training period (open arrows), and sacrificed 48 h later. (C) Diagram of the operant‐conditioning device. (D) Learning program for stand‐up training. An electrical shock was generated in a shock grid at 3 sec after displaying light and tone cues. The electrical shock was stopped when a mouse pushed the lever. The electrical shock was not used when a mouse pushed the lever in response to the cues before a shock was generated. The mice acquired the stand‐up exercise without an electrical shock after 7 days of learning (100 times/day).