Table 4.

Causes of Renal Hypoperfusion

Hypovolaemia Extrinsic fluid loss (gastrointestinal, renal losses (e.g. diuretics), skin losses

Cardiac causes Congestive cardiac failure, tamponade, valvular disease

Reduced peripheral vascular resistance Sepsis, hepatorenal syndrome, drug overdose, vasodilators (e.g. antihypertensives)

Local renal hypoperfusion Renal artery stenosis, malignant hypertension